{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1521621945","doi":null,"title":"Relative age effects in Australian junior rugby union","display_name":"Relative age effects in Australian junior rugby union","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1521621945","mag":"1521621945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/20434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078674172","display_name":"Peter Damian Fernley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Damian Fernley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078674172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-age-effect","display_name":"relative age effect","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rugby-union","display_name":"rugby union","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/date-of-birth","display_name":"birth date","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-sports","display_name":"youth sports","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/talent-identification","display_name":"talent identification","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/playing-position","display_name":"playing position","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwards-and-backs","display_name":"forwards and backs","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-grouping","display_name":"age grouping","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/puberty-timing","display_name":"puberty timing","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturation","display_name":"maturation","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-athlete-selection","display_name":"elite athlete selection","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderating-effect-of-age","display_name":"age as moderator","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-level","display_name":"skill level","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/playing-time","display_name":"playing time","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-championship","display_name":"national championship","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-date-distribution","display_name":"birth date distribution","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/talent-development","display_name":"talent development","score":0.5410000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.7546008825302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.6848729848861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.6545301675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.5509242415428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.497618705034256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4862607717514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.421234667301178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780082397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216048","display_name":"Team sport","level":3,"score":0.4145382046699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.39005306363105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2689153552055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22311729192733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15182173252105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14483577013015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10258927941322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.09975957870483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/20434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:2100/1374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:1521621945","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/20434/2/02Whole.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/20434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1521621945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1521621945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20910545","https://openalex.org/W35672600","https://openalex.org/W38221563","https://openalex.org/W61132788","https://openalex.org/W172938195","https://openalex.org/W174535352","https://openalex.org/W201685592","https://openalex.org/W248898744","https://openalex.org/W273853697","https://openalex.org/W1527179559","https://openalex.org/W1534314848","https://openalex.org/W1536763849","https://openalex.org/W1715902339","https://openalex.org/W1788789051","https://openalex.org/W1918739988","https://openalex.org/W1963555042","https://openalex.org/W1973738471","https://openalex.org/W1984159647","https://openalex.org/W1985248081","https://openalex.org/W1999427504","https://openalex.org/W2002432229","https://openalex.org/W2003509281","https://openalex.org/W2011367672","https://openalex.org/W2012385565","https://openalex.org/W2016953107","https://openalex.org/W2017282334","https://openalex.org/W2018915031","https://openalex.org/W2026818997","https://openalex.org/W2030307817","https://openalex.org/W2032157584","https://openalex.org/W2034843575","https://openalex.org/W2037068964","https://openalex.org/W2041957315","https://openalex.org/W2047778220","https://openalex.org/W2054527442","https://openalex.org/W2055711501","https://openalex.org/W2059088974","https://openalex.org/W2077515614","https://openalex.org/W2078844273","https://openalex.org/W2083985531","https://openalex.org/W2087036905","https://openalex.org/W2089277529","https://openalex.org/W2098682635","https://openalex.org/W2099297755","https://openalex.org/W2102903165","https://openalex.org/W2108660862","https://openalex.org/W2108705252","https://openalex.org/W2110832452","https://openalex.org/W2113353946","https://openalex.org/W2119085302","https://openalex.org/W2126008930","https://openalex.org/W2131995355","https://openalex.org/W2135570711","https://openalex.org/W2137247190","https://openalex.org/W2142837852","https://openalex.org/W2149997510","https://openalex.org/W2158326980","https://openalex.org/W2159670474","https://openalex.org/W2162643262","https://openalex.org/W2162773230","https://openalex.org/W2168001308","https://openalex.org/W2181217899","https://openalex.org/W2181642774","https://openalex.org/W2300201026","https://openalex.org/W2410730224","https://openalex.org/W2499557678","https://openalex.org/W2590143944","https://openalex.org/W2819298927","https://openalex.org/W2864486136","https://openalex.org/W2908783168","https://openalex.org/W4302564397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024050384","https://openalex.org/W2310390047","https://openalex.org/W3131182687","https://openalex.org/W7052268681","https://openalex.org/W2524995845","https://openalex.org/W2589323735","https://openalex.org/W2906476588","https://openalex.org/W3199195656","https://openalex.org/W6963041330","https://openalex.org/W3213262834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Each":[0],"of":[1,5,26,38,63,81,87,104,155,166,175,179,195,254,309,321,335,404,454,498,504,513,529,549,602,629,636,657,666,700,714,720,729,753],"the":[2,24,39,59,64,164,176,203,220,261,296,299,310,322,369,374,402,405,410,415,422,441,444,455,466,480,487,495,499,502,511,533,546,550,580,586,603,618,633,637,646,669,673,679,712,718,742,746,751,771],"four":[3],"codes":[4],"professional":[6],"football":[7],"played":[8],"in":[9,58,116,137,163,169,192,243,260,339,397,409,532,545,596,607,632,704,726,780],"Australia":[10],"(i.e.,":[11],"Rugby":[12,14],"Union,":[13],"\\nLeague,":[15],"Australian":[16,341,351,475,488,680,706,747],"Rules":[17],"Football":[18],"and":[19,28,47,61,84,92,159,211,238,246,251,266,278,289,293,306,328,392,413,426,434,438,451,564,599,642],"Soccer)":[20],"is":[21,49,757],"faced":[22,42],"with":[23,132,419,472,589,767],"dilemma":[25],"identifying":[27,50],"\\ndeveloping":[29],"talented":[30,51,88,340,705],"young":[31,52,133],"athletes":[32],"into":[33],"elite":[34,170,196,514,730,781],"senior":[35],"players.":[36,89,344,518,709,733],"One":[37],"key":[40],"difficulties":[41],"\\nby":[43],"talent":[44,158],"scouts,":[45],"coaches":[46],"selectors":[48],"individuals":[53,112],"during":[54,71],"\\nadolescence.":[55],"Individual":[56,208],"differences":[57,235,389],"timing":[60],"tempo":[62],"maturation":[65],"process,":[66],"which":[67],"\\nare":[68,121],"most":[69],"visible":[70],"puberty,":[72],"can":[73],"have":[74,125,775],"a":[75,117,138,153,160,186,193,223,505,526,539,590,626,663,698,721,727],"significant":[76,540],"impact":[77,616],"on":[78,114,617],"all":[79],"aspects":[80],"sporting":[82],"\\nperformance":[83],"resultant":[85],"judgements":[86],"With":[90],"junior":[91,197,515],"youth":[93],"teams":[94,353,412,477],"\\norganised":[95],"according":[96],"to":[97,102,109,183,233,356,366,387,400,414,474,486,615,678,695,765,777],"chronological":[98],"age-groupings,":[99],"inequalities":[100,124],"related":[101],"perceptions":[103],"\\nplaying":[105,644],"ability":[106],"are":[107],"likely":[108],"emerge":[110],"between":[111,236,258,390,593],"based":[113],"when":[115],"calendar":[118],"year":[119,140,605,638],"they":[120],"born.":[122],"These":[123],"become":[126],"known":[127],"as":[128,315,333,460,479,697],"\u2018Relative":[129],"Age":[130],"Effects\u2019,":[131],"\\nplayers":[134],"born":[135,544,595,631],"earlier":[136,531],"selection":[139,168,473,534,604,761],"gaining":[141,167],"advantages":[142,148],"over":[143,222],"their":[144,778],"later-born":[145],"counterparts.":[146],"\\nThese":[147,686],"include":[149],"more":[150,157],"playing":[151,212,248,569],"time,":[152],"perception":[154],"possessing":[156],"\\nsubsequent":[161],"increase":[162],"probability":[165],"representative":[171],"teams.":[172,785],"\\nThe":[173,318,491],"purpose":[174],"first":[177,496,598,634],"part":[178,320,497,656],"this":[180,361,715],"investigation":[181,323,500,659],"was":[182,214,272,348,469,501,575,625,662],"examine":[184,234,388],"whether":[185,325],"relative":[187,336,406,507,701,723],"age":[188,327,337,407,563,573,675,691,724],"effect":[189,408,509],"\\nwas":[190,522,537],"present":[191],"cohort":[194,512],"rugby":[198,342,516,707,732,783],"union":[199,343,517,708,784],"players":[200,245,259,399,543,578,594,630,667],"competing":[201,584],"at":[202,219,585],"annual":[204,311,456],"national":[205,371],"\\nU16":[206],"championships.":[207],"birth-date":[209,346,520],"data":[210,347],"position":[213,611],"recorded":[215],"for":[216,350,360,373,431,577,639,649],"each":[217,650],"\\nparticipant":[218],"championships":[221,485],"seven-year":[224],"period":[225,377],"(2004":[226],"\u2013":[227],"2010).":[228],"Chi-square":[229,382],"statistics":[230,383],"\\nwere":[231],"used":[232,386],"observed":[237,391,478,576],"expected":[239,393],"birth":[240,255,394,557,619,736],"date":[241,256,395,558,620,737],"distributions":[242,291,367,396,436,559],"\\nall":[244,398],"general":[247],"positions":[249],"(forwards":[250],"backs).":[252],"Comparison":[253],"\\ndistributions":[257,359],"1st":[262],"(top":[263],"8":[264],"teams)":[265,271],"2nd":[267],"division":[268,581,608],"(bottom":[269],"4":[270,305,450],"\\nalso":[273],"conducted.":[274],"Odds":[275],"ratios":[276],"(ORs)":[277],"95%":[279],"confidence":[280],"intervals":[281],"(CIs)":[282],"were":[283,313,363,384,428,458,560,652],"also":[284,429,470,538,554,739],"calculated":[285,430],"\\nfor":[286],"both":[287,640],"quartile":[288,304,433,449],"half-year":[290,435],"(H1":[292,437],"H2).":[294,439],"For":[295,440],"OR":[297,442],"analyses,":[298,443],"relatively":[300,445],"\\nyoungest":[301,446],"members,":[302,447],"(i.e.":[303,378,448],"H2":[307],"respectively)":[308,453],"age-groupings":[312,457],"\\nassigned":[314,459],"referent":[316,461],"groups.":[317,462],"second":[319,655],"examined":[324],"increasing":[326,690],"skill":[329,565],"levels":[330],"would":[331],"\\nact":[332],"moderators":[334],"effects":[338,703],"\\nIndividual":[345],"obtained":[349],"U20":[352,489,681,748],"from":[354,368,421,494,542,579,672],"2008":[355],"2011.":[357],"Birthdate":[358],"group":[362,651,676,728],"then":[364],"compared":[365],"U16":[370,423,484,587,674,731],"\\nchampionships":[372],"equivalent":[375],"time":[376],"2004":[379],"-":[380],"2007).":[381],"\\nagain":[385],"determine":[401],"size":[403],"U20\u2019s":[411],"\\ncompare":[416],"these":[417,754],"results":[418,713],"those":[420],"group.":[424],"ORs":[425],"CIs":[427],"\\nboth":[432],"H2,":[452],"Player":[463],"retention":[464,665],"along":[465,668],"development":[467,779],"pathway":[468,744],"\\nexamined,":[471],"schoolboys":[476],"intermediate":[481],"step":[482],"\\nfrom":[483],"team.":[490,685,749],"main":[492],"finding":[493],"presence":[503,719],"strong":[506,627,664,722],"\\nage":[508,702],"within":[510],"The":[519,654],"distribution":[521,738],"significantly":[523],"biased":[524,735],"towards":[525],"higher":[527],"number":[528],"births":[530],"year.":[535,551],"There":[536],"underrepresentation":[541],"fourth":[547],"quarter":[548],"\\nThis":[552],"study":[553,716],"found":[555],"that":[556,689,759,774],"influenced":[561],"by":[562],"level,":[566],"but":[567],"\\nnot":[568],"position.":[570],"A":[571],"stronger":[572],"bias":[574],"one":[582],"\\nteams":[583],"championships,":[588],"larger":[591],"disparity":[592],"\\nthe":[597,658],"last":[600],"quarters":[601],"than":[606],"two.":[609],"Playing":[610],"did":[612],"not":[613,693],"\\nappear":[614],"distribution.":[621],"Even":[622],"though":[623],"there":[624,661],"\\noverrepresentation":[628],"half":[635],"forward":[641],"backline":[643],"positions,":[645],"percentage":[647],"breakdown":[648],"similar.":[653],"showed":[660],"developmental":[670,743],"\\npathway":[671],"through":[677],"Junior":[682],"World":[683],"Cup":[684],"findings":[687],"suggest":[688],"does":[692],"appear":[694],"act":[696],"moderator":[699],"\\nIn":[710],"conclusion,":[711],"demonstrated":[717],"\\neffect":[725],"This":[734],"appeared":[740],"\\nalong":[741],"until":[745],"On":[750],"basis":[752],"\\nfindings,":[755],"it":[756],"recommended":[758],"current":[760],"processes":[762],"require":[763],"modification":[764],"assist":[766],"\\nminimising":[768],"and/or":[769],"eliminating":[770],"various":[772],"factors":[773],"led":[776],"\\njunior":[782]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}