{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1520458993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","title":"Offensive and Defensive Responses by European Multinationals to a World of Trade Blocs","display_name":"Offensive and Defensive Responses by European Multinationals to a World of Trade Blocs","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1520458993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","mag":"1520458993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1787/145052815784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234223","display_name":"OECD Development Centre working papers","issn_l":"1815-1949","issn":["1815-1949"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OECD Development Centre Working Papers","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018451049","display_name":"John M. Stopford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M. Stopford","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018451049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.267300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14503","display_name":"Globalization, Economics, and Policies","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-multinationals","display_name":"European multinationals","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-trading-blocs","display_name":"regional trade blocs","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-eu-trade","display_name":"intra-EU trade","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterprise-competitiveness","display_name":"enterprise competitiveness","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-strategy","display_name":"global strategy","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lobbying","display_name":"lobbying","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brussels","display_name":"Brussels","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garment-industry","display_name":"apparel industry","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-industry","display_name":"chemical industry","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-goods-industry","display_name":"consumer goods industry","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-orientation","display_name":"export orientation","score":0.33399999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.8429551124572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.8037970066070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.699971079826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.6958214640617371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5818862915039062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5501676797866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5159619450569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.44892922043800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4482642412185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993406254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2226947","display_name":"European economy","level":3,"score":0.43283089995384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3260258138179779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10404905676841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.058189183473587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1787/145052815784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1787/145052815784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234223","display_name":"OECD Development Centre working papers","issn_l":"1815-1949","issn":["1815-1949"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OECD Development Centre Working Papers","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W405232450","https://openalex.org/W613936306","https://openalex.org/W1519881602","https://openalex.org/W1520046776","https://openalex.org/W1520843661","https://openalex.org/W1544490313","https://openalex.org/W1555047781","https://openalex.org/W1562006291","https://openalex.org/W1567280589","https://openalex.org/W1974461670","https://openalex.org/W1976340505","https://openalex.org/W1979620524","https://openalex.org/W1989286859","https://openalex.org/W1993749069","https://openalex.org/W1993981569","https://openalex.org/W1994420625","https://openalex.org/W1995469577","https://openalex.org/W2013386523","https://openalex.org/W2013519153","https://openalex.org/W2018814133","https://openalex.org/W2034120210","https://openalex.org/W2035974221","https://openalex.org/W2047128511","https://openalex.org/W2057335196","https://openalex.org/W2071638656","https://openalex.org/W2075479590","https://openalex.org/W2124140401","https://openalex.org/W2132799711","https://openalex.org/W2313013670","https://openalex.org/W2318938400","https://openalex.org/W2489661005","https://openalex.org/W2769174086","https://openalex.org/W2801699275","https://openalex.org/W2804562448","https://openalex.org/W2936258643","https://openalex.org/W4214599010","https://openalex.org/W4232864660","https://openalex.org/W4237087074","https://openalex.org/W4299953765","https://openalex.org/W4301747883","https://openalex.org/W4317926953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2481008259","https://openalex.org/W566316745","https://openalex.org/W3159655589","https://openalex.org/W378610748","https://openalex.org/W1968120993","https://openalex.org/W4292062662","https://openalex.org/W2271317712","https://openalex.org/W2085932710","https://openalex.org/W1571852645","https://openalex.org/W3125300369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"European":[0,22,113,125],"multinationals":[1],"show":[2],"a":[3,81,128],"growing":[4],"divergence":[5],"in":[6,54,70,101,127,143],"their":[7,43],"response":[8],"to":[9,17,34,37,50,57,83,94,117],"the":[10,29,88,107,118,123,131,135,146],"formation":[11],"of":[12,61,122],"regional":[13],"trade":[14],"blocs,":[15],"according":[16,116],"evidence":[18],"from":[19,99],"seven":[20],"industries.":[21],"firms":[23,47,90,126],"that":[24],"are":[25,32,48,91],"strong":[26,142],"competitors":[27],"at":[28],"world":[30],"level":[31],"able":[33],"adjust":[35],"aggressively":[36],"changes":[38],"within":[39],"Europe":[40],"without":[41],"disturbing":[42],"global":[44,62,119],"strategies.":[45],"Weaker":[46],"prone":[49,93],"becoming":[51],"more":[52],"inward-looking":[53],"Europe,":[55],"and":[56,74,87,112],"risk":[58],"further":[59],"loss":[60],"competitive":[63,120],"position.":[64],"The":[65],"contrast":[66],"is":[67,133,141],"particularly":[68],"marked":[69],"industries":[71,144],"like":[72,104],"chemicals":[73],"consumer":[75],"products,":[76],"which":[77],"emphasize":[78],"exports":[79],"as":[80],"means":[82],"serve":[84],"international":[85],"markets,":[86],"weaker":[89],"especially":[92],"call":[95],"for":[96,137],"protectionist":[97],"help":[98],"Brussels":[100],"trade-intensive":[102],"industries,":[103],"apparel.":[105],"While":[106],"lobbying":[108],"pressures":[109],"on":[110],"national":[111],"institutions":[114],"differ":[115],"strength":[121],"leading":[124],"particular":[129],"industry,":[130],"effect":[132],"one-sided:":[134],"pressure":[136],"protection":[138],"or":[139],"support":[140],"where":[145],"...":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
