{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1519853972","doi":null,"title":"Megachurches as spectator religion: Using social network theory and free -rider theory to understand the spiritual vitality of America's largest -attendance churches","display_name":"Megachurches as spectator religion: Using social network theory and free -rider theory to understand the spiritual vitality of America's largest -attendance churches","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1519853972","mag":"1519853972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research.library.fordham.edu:dissertations-2109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.library.fordham.edu/dissertations/AAI3255038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196473","display_name":"Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ETD Collection for Fordham University","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061754334","display_name":"Warren Bird","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Warren Bird","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061754334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.5907999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.5907999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13072","display_name":"Contemporary Christian Leadership and Education","score":0.25760000944137573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13636","display_name":"Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies","score":0.05180000141263008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megachurches","display_name":"megachurches","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-ties","display_name":"weak ties","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/church-involvement","display_name":"church participation","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/church-size","display_name":"church size","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protestant-congregation","display_name":"Protestant congregation","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congregational-vitality","display_name":"congregational vitality","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-choice-theory","display_name":"rational choice theory","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-theory","display_name":"social network theory","score":0.6330000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936872","display_name":"Vitality","level":2,"score":0.7807021141052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.5984717011451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5160819888114929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.48966529965400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41852734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990987","display_name":"Social theory","level":2,"score":0.4749198853969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196788367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499215","display_name":"Free rider problem","level":3,"score":0.41663020849227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31626781821250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.271542489528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.21931087970733643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.19624042510986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1794058382511139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17085137963294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.16129982471466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.08674991130828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:research.library.fordham.edu:dissertations-2109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.library.fordham.edu/dissertations/AAI3255038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196473","display_name":"Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ETD Collection for Fordham University","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fordham.bepress.com:dissertations-2109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://fordham.bepress.com/dissertations/AAI3255038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196473","display_name":"Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ETD Collection for Fordham University","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1519853972","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://fordham.bepress.com/dissertations/AAI3255038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48725733","https://openalex.org/W396043869","https://openalex.org/W402308936","https://openalex.org/W438795962","https://openalex.org/W576449109","https://openalex.org/W596176563","https://openalex.org/W608728021","https://openalex.org/W610771985","https://openalex.org/W622061886","https://openalex.org/W646040255","https://openalex.org/W1487588555","https://openalex.org/W1487898541","https://openalex.org/W1505473957","https://openalex.org/W1529657840","https://openalex.org/W1549126095","https://openalex.org/W1555521527","https://openalex.org/W1569055454","https://openalex.org/W1578109021","https://openalex.org/W1592003336","https://openalex.org/W1594501748","https://openalex.org/W1948666715","https://openalex.org/W1965371600","https://openalex.org/W1966099279","https://openalex.org/W1976544704","https://openalex.org/W1978505034","https://openalex.org/W1983724229","https://openalex.org/W1983757829","https://openalex.org/W1987235421","https://openalex.org/W1996579081","https://openalex.org/W2003659288","https://openalex.org/W2008939319","https://openalex.org/W2026855416","https://openalex.org/W2034741383","https://openalex.org/W2047147601","https://openalex.org/W2048594248","https://openalex.org/W2049021019","https://openalex.org/W2054985192","https://openalex.org/W2055921019","https://openalex.org/W2058731108","https://openalex.org/W2060189911","https://openalex.org/W2061182128","https://openalex.org/W2073069652","https://openalex.org/W2075153256","https://openalex.org/W2081267732","https://openalex.org/W2083238024","https://openalex.org/W2085385208","https://openalex.org/W2094959246","https://openalex.org/W2102813049","https://openalex.org/W2105677413","https://openalex.org/W2108660896","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2114972146","https://openalex.org/W2120946983","https://openalex.org/W2122131676","https://openalex.org/W2146689222","https://openalex.org/W2147264455","https://openalex.org/W2202616318","https://openalex.org/W2272806890","https://openalex.org/W2315548596","https://openalex.org/W2318782641","https://openalex.org/W2321801777","https://openalex.org/W2322961357","https://openalex.org/W2324825875","https://openalex.org/W2325519421","https://openalex.org/W2325567399","https://openalex.org/W2326982355","https://openalex.org/W2327104412","https://openalex.org/W2327373343","https://openalex.org/W2327879385","https://openalex.org/W2328168958","https://openalex.org/W2328463789","https://openalex.org/W2331608992","https://openalex.org/W2331812975","https://openalex.org/W2333034586","https://openalex.org/W2511871180","https://openalex.org/W2523548667","https://openalex.org/W2564244622","https://openalex.org/W2799052325","https://openalex.org/W3191647782","https://openalex.org/W3208383286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123198208","https://openalex.org/W25782988","https://openalex.org/W2560170111","https://openalex.org/W2032194735","https://openalex.org/W1035085544","https://openalex.org/W4392761467","https://openalex.org/W267219774","https://openalex.org/W1559172380","https://openalex.org/W3125625545","https://openalex.org/W4311361656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Critics":[0],"of":[1,43,52,77,101,107,120,233,265,270,276,278,300,320,346],"Protestant":[2,151],"megachurches":[3,10,163,187,214],"in":[4,64,95,122,164,186,189,213,216,267,287],"the":[5,24,48,89,102,108,115,123,229,241,245,257,263,268,271,279,289,318],"United":[6,124],"States":[7],"have":[8,307,336],"described":[9],"as":[11,16,70,85],"\"religion":[12],"lite,\"":[13],"\"undemanding,\"":[14],"and":[15,30,47,61,79,145,262,293],"using":[17],"a":[18,139,202,283,308,340,344],"\"dumbing":[19],"down\"":[20],"approach":[21],"that":[22,177],"makes":[23],"Christian":[25],"faith":[26],"\"two":[27],"miles":[28],"long":[29],"one":[31,237],"inch":[32],"deep.\"":[33],"Drawing":[34],"on":[35,311,322],"two":[36],"different":[37],"social":[38,44,65],"theories---the":[39],"\"weak":[40,173],"ties\"":[41,174],"aspect":[42],"network":[45],"analysis":[46,106,155],"\"free":[49,206],"rider\"":[50],"dimension":[51],"rational":[53],"choice":[54],"theory---the":[55],"dissertation":[56],"empirically":[57],"evaluates":[58],"megachurch":[59,333],"criticisms":[60],"grounds":[62],"them":[63],"theory.":[66,246],"Megachurches":[67],"are":[68,93,168,220,226],"defined":[69,84],"having":[71],"an":[72],"average":[73],"weekly":[74],"worship":[75,90,180,334],"attendance":[76,181],"2,000":[78],"higher.":[80,227],"Spectator":[81],"religion":[82],"is":[83,156,208,238],"when":[86,218,224],"people":[87,330],"attend":[88,332],"service":[91],"but":[92,222,314],"non-participants":[94],"other":[96],"ways.":[97],"The":[98,136,153,324],"quantitative":[99,154],"portion":[100],"research":[103],"does":[104,251,306],"secondary":[105],"Faith":[109],"Communities":[110],"Today":[111],"2000":[112],"(FACT2000)":[113],"study,":[114],"largest":[116],"survey":[117,137],"to":[118,171,198,210,343],"date":[119],"congregations":[121],"States.":[125],"It":[126,143],"was":[127,281,296],"coordinated":[128],"by":[129,158,244],"Hartford":[130],"Institute":[131],"for":[132,149,274,304],"Religion":[133],"Research,":[134],"www.hartfordinstitute.org.":[135],"takes":[138],"key":[140],"informant":[141],"approach.":[142],"measures":[144],"weights":[146],"280":[147],"variables":[148,275],"11,301":[150],"responses.":[152],"supported":[157],"interviews":[159],"conducted":[160,193],"at":[161],"four":[162,230],"2006.":[165],"Two":[166],"hypotheses":[167],"tested.":[169],"According":[170,197],"H1,":[172],"theory":[175,235,250],"predicts":[176],"participation":[178,266,312],"beyond":[179],"will":[182],"be":[183,211],"comparatively":[184],"higher":[185,212],"than":[188,215],"non-megachurches.":[190],"All":[191],"tests":[192,232],"support":[194],"this":[195,234],"hypothesis.":[196],"H2,":[199],"which":[200],"involves":[201],"three-variable":[203],"statistical":[204],"interaction,":[205],"riding\"":[207],"hypothesized":[209],"non-megachurches":[217],"expectations":[219,225],"low,":[221],"lower":[223],"Of":[228],"possible":[231],"only":[236],"consistent":[239],"with":[240],"claims":[242],"made":[243],"Therefore":[247],"free":[248,341],"rider":[249,342],"not":[252,282],"satisfactorily":[253],"explain":[254],"or":[255,298],"predict":[256],"relationship":[258,290],"between":[259,291],"church":[260],"size":[261,292,321],"level":[264],"life":[269],"church.":[272],"Controlling":[273],"region":[277],"country":[280],"statistically":[284],"significant":[285],"factor":[286],"altering":[288],"participation.":[294,323],"Nor":[295],"race":[297],"section":[299],"town.":[301],"However":[302],"controlling":[303],"theology":[305],"positive":[309],"effect":[310,319],"opportunities,":[313],"it":[315],"doesn't":[316],"eviscerate":[317],"qualitative":[325],"findings":[326],"explore":[327],"how":[328],"some":[329],"who":[331],"services":[335],"moved":[337],"from":[338],"being":[339],"status":[345],"active":[347],"participant.":[348]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-09T07:26:56.047234","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
