{"id":"https://openalex.org/W15168692","doi":null,"title":"Individualism and youth work.","display_name":"Individualism and youth work.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W15168692","mag":"15168692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:4014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/4014/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Youth and policy, 2002(76), pp.39-65 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1576306/1/Published%20Journal%20Article","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060402970","display_name":"Tony Jeffs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Jeffs","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074674876","display_name":"Mark Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00343845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11998","display_name":"Youth Development and Social Support","score":0.3292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11998","display_name":"Youth Development and Social Support","score":0.3292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12714","display_name":"Youth Education and Societal Dynamics","score":0.27149999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14061","display_name":"Educational Practices and Policies","score":0.09260000288486481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-work","display_name":"youth work","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualism","display_name":"individualism","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-youth-work","display_name":"history of youth work","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voluntary-participation","display_name":"voluntary participation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fellowships","display_name":"fellowships","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charitable-works","display_name":"charitable works","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrialization","display_name":"industrialization","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-organizations","display_name":"youth organizations","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ymca","display_name":"YMCA","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunday-school-movement","display_name":"Sunday school movement","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-workers","display_name":"youth workers","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-based-intervention","display_name":"relationship-based intervention","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critique-of-individualism","display_name":"critique of individualism","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6070538759231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17022365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171995","display_name":"Individualism","level":2,"score":0.5125117301940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43663308024406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35039186477661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34817835688591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3178589344024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18199649453163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:4014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/4014/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Youth and policy, 2002(76), pp.39-65 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1576306","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1576306","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1576306/1/Published%20Journal%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:15168692","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/4014/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1576306","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1576306","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1576306/1/Published%20Journal%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W15168692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W15168692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413588203","https://openalex.org/W2604504945","https://openalex.org/W142766695","https://openalex.org/W2525850355","https://openalex.org/W7095457764","https://openalex.org/W7071774130","https://openalex.org/W2565661534","https://openalex.org/W2725948366","https://openalex.org/W2301230661","https://openalex.org/W4396809932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"What":[0],"makes":[1],"good":[2,95],"socie/}'?I":[3],"answer,":[4],"in":[5,88,134,166,292,361,421,480,512,529,712,796,824],"one":[6],"word,":[7],"real":[8],"fellowship.":[9],"(vVilliam":[10],"Hazliu":[11],"-On":[12],"Coffee":[13],"House":[14],"Politicians)During":[15],"the":[16,20,41,44,101,106,121,127,216,260,267,272,293,301,329,332,438,462,465,468,484,522,573,581,607,664,680,704,745,753,764,825],"early":[17],"years":[18],"of":[19,34,43,108,123,145,148,155,174,181,218,239,251,331,336,344,355,404,409,464,470,483,524,541,576,583,591,609,618,627,641,721,738,741,747,755,761,766,786,801,812,822],"Industrial":[21],"Revolution":[22],"a":[23,31,50,56,75,79,98,152,163,322,334,342,348,365,446,457,500,584,610,615,632,673,719],"new":[24],"pursuit":[25],"surfilccd":[26],"-youth":[27],"work.Gradually":[28],"it":[29,47,350,371,374,381],"developed":[30],"distinctive":[32,57,325],"mode":[33],"intervention":[35,337,405],"and":[36,53,72,90,97,103,115,126,136,159,176,226,233,235,248,280,378,388,401,424,431,445,467,473,481,488,493,517,572,588,624,758,769,829],"focus":[37],"so":[38],"that":[39,124,363],"by":[40,67,312,679],"end":[42],"nineteenth":[45,160],"century":[46],"had":[48,732],"acquired":[49],"recognisable":[51],"style":[52],"elan.II":[54],"embodied":[55],"approach":[58,64],"to":[59,77,93,130,215,306,340,353,376,437,580,606,621,659,668],"work":[60,319,357,393,530,567,765],"with":[61,100,308,700,831],"young":[62,109,252,309,412,435,525,577,787],"people.This":[63],"was":[65,189,395,417,442,562,604],"characterized":[66],"an":[68,589,813,819],"emphasis":[69],"on":[70,191,194,456,535,596],"relationships":[71],"voluntary":[73],"participation;":[74],"commitment":[76],"association;":[78],"beliei":[80],"Ihat":[81,303,460,521,774],"practitioners":[82],"should":[83],"be":[84,91],"approachable;":[85],"have":[86],"faith":[87],"people":[89,110,310,507,578],"trying":[92],"live":[94],"lives;":[96],"concern":[99],"education,":[102],"more":[104,188,282,399,691,756],"broadly":[105],"welfare":[107,247],"(see":[111],"Jeffs,":[112],"2001;":[113],"Doyle":[114],"Smith,":[116],"forthcoming).Here":[117],"we":[118],"will":[119],"explore":[120],"nature":[122],"uniqueness":[125],"extraordinary":[128],"extent":[129],"which":[131],"contemporary":[132],"practice":[133],"Britain":[135],"Nonhern":[137],"Ireland":[138],"has":[139],"lost":[140],"touch":[141],"wilh":[142,568],"key":[143],"aspects":[144],"this":[146,597],"heritage.Pioneers":[147],"youth":[149,263,318,356,359,748,780],"vvork":[150,490],"entered":[151],"burgeoning":[153],"field":[154],"aClivity.The":[156],"lale":[157],"eighteenth":[158],"cenlury":[161],"witnessed":[162],"phenomenal":[164],"growth":[165],"charitable":[167],"\\vork.Many,":[168],"especially":[169],"women,":[170],"gave":[171],"prodigious":[172],"ilmounts":[173],"time":[175],"money":[177],"10":[178,429,478,556,593],"charity.One":[179],"sludy":[180],"middle-class":[182],"family":[183,220,495],"budgets,":[184],"for":[185,243,300,326,450,475,505,538,638,661,707,744],"example,":[186],"found":[187],"spent":[190],"charily":[192],"than":[193,694],"rent.clothing,":[195],"servants'":[196],"wages":[197],"or":[198,271,531,564,657,666,684],"any":[199],"01":[200],"her":[201],"item":[202],"apart":[203],"from":[204,230,278],"food":[205],"(Prochaska,":[206],"1980:":[207],"21).Motives":[208],"varie<:l":[209],"but":[210,298,533],"predominately":[211],"individuals":[212],"were":[213,254,427,508,527,570,654,689,794,818],"responding":[214],"problems":[217],"poverty,":[219],"disruption,":[221],"poor":[222,656],"housing,":[223],"disease,":[224],"ignorance":[225],"'spiritual":[227],"decay'":[228],"emanating":[229],"rapid":[231],"industrialisation":[232],"urbanisation.Groups":[234],"organisations":[236,264],"proliferated":[237],"many":[238,304],"whom":[240],"catered":[241],"specifically":[242],"Ihe":[244,407,418,476,518,536,539,625,628,639,695],"social,":[245],"educational,":[246],"spiritual":[249],"needs":[250,463],"people.Some":[253],"local":[255],"enterprises,":[256],"others":[257],"offshools":[258],"oj":[259],"emerging":[261],"national":[262],"such":[265,797],"as":[266,321,487,779],"Sunday":[268],"School":[269],"Movemenl":[270],"YMCA.Wisely":[273],"neophyte":[274],"youlh":[275,392],"workers":[276],"learnt":[277],"predecessors":[279],"contemporaries.The":[281],"adventurous":[283],"avoided":[284],"unthinking":[285],"replication":[286],"-partly":[287],"because":[288],"they":[289,498],"perceived":[290],"weaknesses":[291],"ways":[294,362],"existing":[295],"programmes":[296,760],"functioned,":[297],"also":[299,599],"reason":[302],"aimed":[305,724],"engage":[307],"untouched":[311],"olher":[313],"agencies.This":[314],"independence":[315],"helped":[316],"ensure":[317,622],"emerged":[320,718],"discrete":[323],"entity":[324],"reasons":[327],"besides":[328],"age":[330],"clients.Eventually":[333],"form":[335],"sufficiently":[338],"unique":[339],"secure":[341],"niche":[343,391],"its":[345],"own":[346],"emerged.As":[347],"consequence":[349],"became":[351,491,546],"realistic":[352],"talk":[354],"(and":[358],"workers)":[360],"assumed":[364],"listener":[366],"(":[367],"oruser)":[368],"understood":[369],"what":[370,373,379],"did,":[372],"sought":[375],"achieve":[377],"values":[380],"embraced.lotJ/h":[382],"..<":[383],"PoliCl'/~54J\u20ac\"":[384],"No:":[385],"76":[386],"Schooling":[387],"visiting":[389],"The":[390],"occupied":[394],"located":[396],"between":[397],"two":[398,737,791],"seli-assured":[400],"substantive":[402],"forms":[403],"inlo":[406],"lives":[408],"working":[410,433,709,802],"class":[411,434,643,710,803],"l>eople.The":[413],"firsl":[414],"oi":[415,586,676],"Ihese":[416,739],"inslitution":[419],"and,":[420],"particular.the":[422],"school":[423,440,543],"residcnlial":[425],"home.Both":[426],"dcsigm.-'Cl":[428],"control.manage":[430],"reconstruct":[432],"people.Prior":[436],"18705":[439],"allendance":[441],"nol":[443],"compulsory":[444,542],"high":[447],"proportion":[448],"opted":[449],"independent":[451],"'dame":[452],"schools'.These":[453],"opera":[454],"led":[455,579],"flexible":[458],"basis":[459],"acknowledged":[461],"family,":[466],"desire":[469],"both":[471],"children":[472,644,793,804],"parents":[474,653],"former":[477],"move":[479],"out":[482,811],"labour":[485,555],"market":[486],"\\-\"hen":[489],"available,":[492],"when":[494],"poverty":[496],"slipulated":[497],"earn":[499],"wage.By":[501],"1870":[502],"employment":[503],"opportunities":[504],"vuung":[506],"rapidly":[509],"declining.This":[510],"resuht.'Ct":[511],"widespread":[513],"alarm":[514],"amongst":[515],"reformers":[516],"'respectable":[519],"classes'":[520],"majoril)'":[523],"f>eople":[526],"neither":[528],"schoof":[532],"oul":[534],"streets.Calls":[537],"inlroduclion":[540],"attendance":[544],"eventually":[545],"irresislible.However,":[547],"where":[548],"employers":[549],"stilf":[550],"required":[551,600],"cheap":[552],"malleable":[553],"child":[554],"suslain":[557],"praHl":[558],"levels":[559],"part-lime":[560],"schooling":[561,640,735,750],"relained":[563],"schools":[565,782,817],"combining":[566],"instruction":[569],"established.Compulsion":[571],"wholesale":[574],"warehousHlg":[575],"crealion":[582],"battery":[585],"laws":[587],"army":[590],"oiiicials":[592],"enforce":[594],"observance.Schooling":[595],"scale":[598],"unprecedented":[601],"state":[602,697],"funding.This":[603],"tied":[605],"adoption":[608],"bureaucraiic.tandardised":[611],"curriculum":[612],"enforced":[613,701],"b)'":[614],"malevolent":[616],"system":[617,637,675],"inspection":[619],"designed":[620],"compliance":[623],"cowering":[626],"teaching":[629],"force.It":[630],"produced":[631],"brutish,":[633],"anti-intellectual,":[634],"cut-price":[635],"contemptible":[636],"workiOg":[642],"(Roberts.1976;":[645],"Horn,":[646],"1979;":[647],"Hendricks.1994;":[648],"Davin,":[649],"1996).For":[650],"those":[651,727],"\\.vhose":[652],"too":[655],"unwilling":[658],"care":[660],"them.who":[662],"transgressed":[663],"law,":[665],"refused":[667],"attend":[669],"regularly":[670],"there":[671],"existed":[672],"parallel":[674],"residential":[677],"inslitutions.Run":[678],"Poor":[681],"law":[682],"Guardians":[683],"religious":[685],"organiscltions":[686],"these":[687,715],"places":[688],"even":[690],"brutal.more":[692],"terrifying":[693],"worsl":[696],"school.These":[698],"Bastilles.along":[699],"migration":[702],"provided":[703],"ultimate":[705],"deterrents":[706],"keeping":[708],")'oungslers":[711],"order,":[713],"Alongside":[714],"activities":[716,762],"Ihere":[717],"range":[720],"educational":[722],"initiatives":[723],"at":[725],"reaching":[726],"who":[728],"did":[729],"not":[730],"attend.or":[731],"limited":[733],"full-time":[734],"-and":[736,771],"are":[740],"I>rofound":[742],"significance":[743],"emergence":[746],"work.Sunday":[749],"oflen":[751],"entailed":[752],"use":[754],"informal":[757],"engaging":[759],"(after":[763],"Hannah":[767],"More":[768],"others)":[770],"involved":[772],"elements":[773],"\\\"'e":[775],"could":[776],"now":[777],"name":[778],"work.These":[781],"allraded":[783],"substantial":[784],"numbers":[785],"people.In":[788],"1851":[789],"over":[790],"million":[792],"enrolled":[795],"institutions":[798],"(around":[799],"three-quarters":[800],"aged":[805],"5-15":[806],"years)":[807],"Claquer.1976:":[808],"44l.Also":[809],"arising":[810],"evangelical":[814],"stream,":[815],"ragged":[816],"important":[820],"site":[821],"innovation.Working":[823],"very":[826],"pooresl":[827],"areas,":[828],"often":[830],"lillie":[832],"money,":[833]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
