{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1513096091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","title":"Definitions of Technology","display_name":"Definitions of Technology","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1513096091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","mag":"1513096091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214740920","display_name":"A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058158644","display_name":"Richard Li\u2010Hua","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Li\u2010Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Business and Technology Transfer, Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Business and Technology Transfer, Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058158644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"18","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.35350000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.35350000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12028","display_name":"Knowledge Management and Sharing","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.10620000213384628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/definition-of-technology","display_name":"definition of technology","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-technology","display_name":"philosophy of technology","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explicit-knowledge","display_name":"explicit knowledge","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tacit-knowledge","display_name":"tacit knowledge","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-of-technology","display_name":"nature of technology","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779561248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743861","display_name":"Tacit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.7816340327262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6010811924934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5039717555046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56814567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323686","display_name":"Explicit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.42802631855010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3748313784599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.26681673526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11201828718185425}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310795.ch2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206755418","https://openalex.org/W2495758197","https://openalex.org/W4388148794","https://openalex.org/W3048963832","https://openalex.org/W7095802090","https://openalex.org/W4245493741","https://openalex.org/W7098976873","https://openalex.org/W1511169223","https://openalex.org/W4206595086","https://openalex.org/W2328728282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"chapter":[1],"contains":[2],"sections":[3],"titled:":[4],"What":[5],"Is":[6],"Technology?":[7],"Explicit":[8],"Knowledge":[9,12],"and":[10,14],"Tacit":[11],"References":[13],"Further":[15],"Reading":[16]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
