{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1510190263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","title":"British women chemists and the First World War","display_name":"British women chemists and the First World War","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1510190263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","mag":"1510190263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/133213/bitstreams/441020/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916778","display_name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","issn_l":"1053-4385","issn":["1053-4385"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin for the History of Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/133213/bitstreams/441020/data.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038464442","display_name":"Marelene F. Rayner-Canham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marelene F. Rayner-Canham","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108444968","display_name":"Geoffrey W. Rayner-Canham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Rayner-Canham","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21863335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"23","first_page":"20","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.049800001084804535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.029600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-chemists","display_name":"women chemists","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosives","display_name":"explosives","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-dyes","display_name":"synthetic dyes","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-gas","display_name":"poison gas","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceuticals","display_name":"pharmaceuticals","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-chemistry","display_name":"history of chemistry","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.4695224165916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991833021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361","display_name":"First world war","level":2,"score":0.45675358176231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3790878653526306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.37137818336486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.22703006863594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.14626222848892212}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/133213/bitstreams/441020/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916778","display_name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","issn_l":"1053-4385","issn":["1053-4385"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin for the History of Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.library.mun.ca:508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://research.library.mun.ca/508/1/british_women_chemists_first_world_war.pdf","pdf_url":"http://research.library.mun.ca/508/1/british_women_chemists_first_world_war.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401319","display_name":"Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","host_organization_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:memorial.scholaris.ca:20.500.14783/11190","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14783/11190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401319","display_name":"Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","host_organization_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/126136","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/126136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401358","display_name":"Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1510190263","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.library.mun.ca/508/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc1999n23p020","pdf_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/133213/bitstreams/441020/data.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916778","display_name":"Bulletin for the history of chemistry","issn_l":"1053-4385","issn":["1053-4385"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin for the History of Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1510190263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1510190263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318372882","https://openalex.org/W2343251680","https://openalex.org/W4318372874","https://openalex.org/W656002130","https://openalex.org/W4318372833","https://openalex.org/W4379094484","https://openalex.org/W1971515098","https://openalex.org/W4318423013","https://openalex.org/W4254899322","https://openalex.org/W2103679183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23],"First":[1],"World":[2],"War":[3],"provided":[4],"an":[5],"opportunity":[6],"for":[7,15],"women":[8,81,115],"chemists":[9,79],"because":[10],"of":[11,61,72,78,95,102,108,111,113],"the":[12,36,42,62,70,88,92,100,103,106,109],"large":[13],"demand":[14],"explosives,":[16],"synthetic":[17],"dyes,":[18],"poison":[19],"gas":[20],"and":[21,30,51],"pharmaceuticals.":[22],"Allied":[24,43],"nations":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"importing":[28],"drugs":[29,50],"pharmaceuticals":[31],"mostly":[32],"from":[33],"Germany":[34,39],"before":[35],"war.":[37],"With":[38],"against":[40],"them,":[41],"countries":[44],"had":[45],"to":[46,68],"produce":[47],"their":[48],"own":[49],"other":[52],"fine":[53],"chems.":[54,74],"It":[55],"was":[56,66],"then":[57],"that":[58],"a":[59],"committee":[60],"UK":[63],"Royal":[64],"Society":[65],"established":[67],"organize":[69],"prodn.":[71],"these":[73,114],"A":[75],"substantial":[76],"no.":[77],"were":[80],"which":[82],"included":[83],"Martha":[84],"Whiteley":[85],"who":[86],"headed":[87],"research":[89],"group":[90],"at":[91],"Imperial":[93],"College":[94],"Science,":[96],"London":[97],"University.":[98],"However,":[99],"end":[101],"war":[104],"cause":[105],"termination":[107],"employment":[110],"most":[112],"chemists.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
