{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1509225332","doi":null,"title":"Carsharing in Europe and North American: Past, Present, and Future","display_name":"Carsharing in Europe and North American: Past, Present, and Future","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1509225332","mag":"1509225332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt14d994bn","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010005236","display_name":"Susan Shaheen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3350-856X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3350-856X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Shaheen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022663599","display_name":"Daniel Sperling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-7651"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sperling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7736","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003734827","display_name":"Conrad Wagner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Conrad Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":193,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12392","display_name":"Sharing Economy and Platforms","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/car-sharing","display_name":"car sharing","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-demand-reduction","display_name":"parking demand reduction","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-technology","display_name":"communication technology","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-ownership-costs","display_name":"car ownership costs","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/europe","display_name":"Europe","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-america","display_name":"North America","score":0.9959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.7520463466644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5857094526290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781360296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146084","display_name":"Car ownership","level":3,"score":0.5250610709190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4760063588619232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4422629177570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.41033416986465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.2291717827320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2031419277191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1685713827610016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08732143044471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt14d994bn","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt4gx4m05b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b.pdf;origin=repeccitec","pdf_url":"https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b.pdf;origin=repeccitec","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4gx4m05b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt14d994bn","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt14d994bn/qt14d994bn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Shaheen, Susan; Sperling, Daniel; &amp; Wagner, Conrad. (2001). Carsharing in Europe and North American: Past, Present, and Future. University of California Transportation Center. UC Berkeley: University of California Transportation Center. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt4gx4m05b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Shaheen, Susan; Sperling, Daniel; &amp; Wagner, Conrad. (1998). Carsharing in Europe and North American: Past, Present, and Future. UC Berkeley: University of California Transportation Center. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3123634374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cdl:uctcwp:qt14d994bn","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt14d994bn","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14d994bn","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:1509225332","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt4gx4m05b/qt4gx4m05b.pdf?t=mojjfg","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183428155","display_name":"Transportation quarterly","issn_l":"0278-9434","issn":["0278-9434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transportation quarterly","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt4gx4m05b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gx4m05b","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7250000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333111","display_name":"University of California Transportation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1509225332.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1509225332.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096024969","https://openalex.org/W2766228820","https://openalex.org/W2013845988","https://openalex.org/W600357246","https://openalex.org/W2965927873","https://openalex.org/W2944637350","https://openalex.org/W7100551616","https://openalex.org/W2163968342","https://openalex.org/W2942282125","https://openalex.org/W2038635849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"automobiles":[1],"carry":[2],"one":[3,11,39],"person":[4],"and":[5,83,100,114,130,144,149],"are":[6,88],"used":[7,90],"for":[8,97,134],"less":[9,84,95],"than":[10],"hour":[12],"per":[13],"day.":[14],"A":[15],"more":[16,25,108],"economically":[17],"rational":[18],"approach":[19],"would":[20],"be":[21,46],"to":[22,68,111,118],"use":[23,145],"vehlcles":[24],"intenslvely.":[26],"Carsharing,":[27],"in":[28],"which":[29],"people":[30],"pay":[31],"a":[32,35,75],"subscnption":[33],"plus":[34],"per-use":[36],"fee,":[37],"Is":[38],"means":[40],"of":[41,78,146],"doing":[42],"so.":[43],"Carsharing":[44],"may":[45],"organlzed":[47],"through":[48],"affinity":[49],"groups,":[50,56],"large":[51,58,76],"employers,":[52],"translt":[53],"operators,":[54],"neighborhood":[55],"or":[57],"carshanng":[59],"businesses.":[60],"While":[61],"carsharing":[62],"does":[63,71],"not":[64,89],"offer":[65],"convenient":[66],"access":[67],"vehicles,":[69,79],"it":[70],"provide":[72],"users":[73],"with":[74,126],"range":[77],"fewer":[80],"ownership":[81],"responsibilities,":[82],"cost":[85],"(if":[86],"vehicles":[87,115],"intensively).":[91],"Societal":[92],"benefits":[93,103],"include":[94],"demand":[96],"parking":[98],"space":[99],"the":[101,124,135,139],"indirect":[102],"resultmg":[104],"from":[105],"costs":[106],"being":[107,116],"directly":[109],"tied":[110],"actual":[112],"usage":[113],"matched":[117],"trip":[119],"purpose.":[120],"This":[121],"article":[122],"reviews":[123],"experience":[125],"shared-use":[127],"vehmte":[128],"serxqces":[129],"explores":[131],"thelr":[132],",prospects":[133],"future,":[136],"focusing":[137],"on":[138],"trend":[140],"toward":[141],"expanded":[142],"services":[143],"advanced":[147],"communmatlon":[148],"reservation":[150],"technologies":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
