{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1509155442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","title":"High Commitment Work Systems in Chinese Organizations: A Preliminary Measure","display_name":"High Commitment Work Systems in Chinese Organizations: A Preliminary Measure","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1509155442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","mag":"1509155442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70175541","display_name":"Management and Organization Review","issn_l":"1740-8776","issn":["1740-8776","1740-8784"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management and Organization Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ceibs.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com.cn/openurl/86CEIBS_INST/86CEIBS_INST:Services?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_tim=2025-12-18T09%3A49%3A01CST&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpure.atira.dk%3Apure&rft.atitle=High%20Commitment%20Work%20Systems%20in%20Chinese%20Organizations%3A%20A%20Preliminary%20Measure&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1740-8784.2006.00049.x&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Zhixing&rft.auinit=Z&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.issn=1740-8776&rft.jtitle=Management%20and%20Organization%20Review&rft.pages=403-422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103628408","display_name":"Zhixing Xiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64175962","display_name":"China Europe International Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/00c3bg218","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64175962"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Europe International Business School, China","China Europe International Business School, China, and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Europe International Business School, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64175962"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Europe International Business School, China, and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64175962"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021253149","display_name":"Ingmar Bj\u00f6rkman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-6244","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-6244"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingmar Bj\u00f6rkman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.0882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97965794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"403","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14031","display_name":"Global and Cross-Cultural Management","score":0.33230000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14031","display_name":"Global and Cross-Cultural Management","score":0.33230000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.3296000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.17990000545978546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-commitment-work-systems","display_name":"high-commitment work systems","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-organizations","display_name":"Chinese organizations","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/it-industry","display_name":"IT industry","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-invested-companies","display_name":"foreign-invested companies","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"construct validity","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-performance","display_name":"organizational performance","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-context","display_name":"institutional environment","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-management","display_name":"human resource management","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6791232228279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6747409105300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6519097089767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5996389985084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5413886904716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83030740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267236","display_name":"Organizational commitment","level":2,"score":0.5364234447479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5125634670257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135302770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629132","display_name":"Work systems","level":3,"score":0.4447602331638336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.43453463912010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202372285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056396","display_name":"Human resource management","level":2,"score":0.42741888761520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.37340936064720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.30176758766174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2577090561389923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19314709305763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17741695046424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16625288128852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08611103892326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775944032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22907659","display_name":"Patient satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70175541","display_name":"Management and Organization Review","issn_l":"1740-8776","issn":["1740-8776","1740-8784"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management and Organization Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:mgorev:v:2:y:2006:i:3:p:403-422","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:maorev:v:2:y:2006:i:03:p:403-422_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1740877600001662/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d50a7ced-fd04-4e48-adc4-676c084ded7f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ceibs.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com.cn/openurl/86CEIBS_INST/86CEIBS_INST:Services?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_tim=2025-12-18T09%3A49%3A01CST&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpure.atira.dk%3Apure&rft.atitle=High%20Commitment%20Work%20Systems%20in%20Chinese%20Organizations%3A%20A%20Preliminary%20Measure&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1740-8784.2006.00049.x&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Zhixing&rft.auinit=Z&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.issn=1740-8776&rft.jtitle=Management%20and%20Organization%20Review&rft.pages=403-422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055267","display_name":"CEIBS Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xiao, Z & Bj\u00f6rkman, I 2006, 'High Commitment Work Systems in Chinese Organizations: A Preliminary Measure', Management and Organization Review, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d50a7ced-fd04-4e48-adc4-676c084ded7f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ceibs.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com.cn/openurl/86CEIBS_INST/86CEIBS_INST:Services?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_tim=2025-12-18T09%3A49%3A01CST&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpure.atira.dk%3Apure&rft.atitle=High%20Commitment%20Work%20Systems%20in%20Chinese%20Organizations%3A%20A%20Preliminary%20Measure&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1740-8784.2006.00049.x&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Zhixing&rft.auinit=Z&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.issn=1740-8776&rft.jtitle=Management%20and%20Organization%20Review&rft.pages=403-422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055267","display_name":"CEIBS Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xiao, Z & Bj\u00f6rkman, I 2006, 'High Commitment Work Systems in Chinese Organizations: A Preliminary Measure', Management and Organization Review, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00049.x","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W623483386","https://openalex.org/W1485408372","https://openalex.org/W1495882109","https://openalex.org/W1508048155","https://openalex.org/W1587493827","https://openalex.org/W1964055665","https://openalex.org/W1970693217","https://openalex.org/W1971711030","https://openalex.org/W1974290661","https://openalex.org/W1979813301","https://openalex.org/W1981724520","https://openalex.org/W1984158166","https://openalex.org/W1985453879","https://openalex.org/W1996254382","https://openalex.org/W1996339572","https://openalex.org/W1998591504","https://openalex.org/W1998973747","https://openalex.org/W2006731719","https://openalex.org/W2008073538","https://openalex.org/W2008315121","https://openalex.org/W2015544237","https://openalex.org/W2021111310","https://openalex.org/W2025169019","https://openalex.org/W2037129314","https://openalex.org/W2037445371","https://openalex.org/W2037710531","https://openalex.org/W2039958286","https://openalex.org/W2050529174","https://openalex.org/W2059056973","https://openalex.org/W2061336947","https://openalex.org/W2061977616","https://openalex.org/W2065859528","https://openalex.org/W2078280209","https://openalex.org/W2087887463","https://openalex.org/W2094603337","https://openalex.org/W2095299437","https://openalex.org/W2096812562","https://openalex.org/W2098777079","https://openalex.org/W2107612692","https://openalex.org/W2110162191","https://openalex.org/W2117942482","https://openalex.org/W2119066639","https://openalex.org/W2121848940","https://openalex.org/W2122797483","https://openalex.org/W2125994737","https://openalex.org/W2130140239","https://openalex.org/W2132912892","https://openalex.org/W2135255056","https://openalex.org/W2147018985","https://openalex.org/W2152784824","https://openalex.org/W2155563387","https://openalex.org/W2158517811","https://openalex.org/W2159058828","https://openalex.org/W2163167475","https://openalex.org/W2186914121","https://openalex.org/W2253111561","https://openalex.org/W2320413671","https://openalex.org/W2321650456","https://openalex.org/W2332345511","https://openalex.org/W3022034802","https://openalex.org/W3027506207","https://openalex.org/W3121694722","https://openalex.org/W3122125999","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3124719057","https://openalex.org/W4230705139","https://openalex.org/W4244387885","https://openalex.org/W4245493755","https://openalex.org/W4299601558","https://openalex.org/W4362604966","https://openalex.org/W4388148293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041156712","https://openalex.org/W2109871333","https://openalex.org/W2363765660","https://openalex.org/W2043964683","https://openalex.org/W2998674606","https://openalex.org/W7162654573","https://openalex.org/W1984624919","https://openalex.org/W7036695846","https://openalex.org/W1987562555","https://openalex.org/W7065170787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"concept":[1],"of":[2,36,44,77,97,101,126],"a":[3,21,33,102],"high":[4,103],"commitment":[5,104],"work":[6,23,105],"system":[7],"(HCWS)":[8],"has":[9],"mostly":[10],"been":[11],"used":[12],"in":[13,38,60,82],"the":[14,18,42,54,71,75,94,121],"West":[15],"to":[16,120],"study":[17,50,67],"relationship":[19],"between":[20],"firm's":[22],"systems":[24],"and":[25,46,123],"organizational":[26],"performance.":[27],"In":[28,49,66],"this":[29,98],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,52,69],"introduce":[32],"preliminary":[34,99],"measure":[35,55,73,100],"HCWS":[37],"China":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41],"definition":[43],"Baron":[45],"Kreps":[47],"(1999).":[48],"1,":[51],"tested":[53],"by":[56],"surveying":[57],"442":[58],"employees":[59],"China's":[61],"information":[62],"technology":[63],"(IT)":[64],"industry.":[65],"2,":[68],"re-tested":[70],"same":[72],"from":[74],"perspective":[76],"human":[78],"resource":[79],"(HR)":[80],"executives":[81],"126":[83],"foreign-invested":[84],"companies.":[85],"analyses":[87],"not":[88],"only":[89,115],"provided":[90],"some":[91,110],"evidence":[92],"for":[93],"construct":[95],"validity":[96],"system,":[106],"but":[107],"also":[108],"produced":[109],"interesting":[111],"results":[112],"that":[113],"can":[114],"be":[116],"understood":[117],"with":[118],"regards":[119],"history":[122],"institutional":[124],"backgrounds":[125],"Chinese":[127],"organizations.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}