{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1508612902","doi":null,"title":"Glycyl-L-Glutamine: A Dipeptide Neurotransmitter Derived from Beta- Endorphin","display_name":"Glycyl-L-Glutamine: A Dipeptide Neurotransmitter Derived from Beta- Endorphin","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1508612902","mag":"1508612902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:ADA242587","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA242587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111986257","display_name":"William R. Millington","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William R. Millington","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111986257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02843602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10814","display_name":"Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10814","display_name":"Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11541","display_name":"Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10911","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-endorphin","display_name":"beta-endorphin","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-translational-processing","display_name":"post-translational processing","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proopiomelanocortin","display_name":"proopiomelanocortin","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiorespiratory-depression","display_name":"cardiorespiratory depression","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypotension","display_name":"hypotension","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphine","display_name":"morphine","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trophic-effects","display_name":"trophic effects","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circulating-hormones","display_name":"circulating hormones","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-regulation","display_name":"cardiovascular regulation","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779138802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418602","display_name":"Dipeptide","level":3,"score":0.7492150068283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776219046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162657","display_name":"Neurotransmitter","level":3,"score":0.644919216632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779349466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181619","display_name":"Glutamine","level":3,"score":0.6340802907943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551621295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228","display_name":"Brainstem","level":2,"score":0.5454810261726379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777557602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2993328","display_name":"beta-Endorphin","level":2,"score":0.5322335362434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4757761061191559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.45351189374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778680817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190528","display_name":"Endorphins","level":2,"score":0.42510777711868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3920256197452545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3883853554725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3558599352836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3341329097747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847","display_name":"Peptide","level":2,"score":0.3201438784599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.2969990372657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.296575665473938}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:ADA242587","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA242587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:ADA283395","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA283395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:1508612902","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a242587.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9074000120162964}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7008146386","https://openalex.org/W2062566582","https://openalex.org/W2235215982","https://openalex.org/W7098128195","https://openalex.org/W2065312876","https://openalex.org/W2006887254","https://openalex.org/W7099185812","https://openalex.org/W4410210420","https://openalex.org/W7000738213","https://openalex.org/W2614965351"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glycyl-L-glutamine":[0],"(Gly-L-Gln)":[1],"is":[2,11,29,42,73],"a":[3,12,161,166],"dipeptide":[4],"synthesized":[5],"post-":[6],"translationally":[7],"from":[8],"beta-endorphin.":[9],"Gly-L-Gln":[10,98,118,133,144],"major":[13],"product":[14],"of":[15,39,52,94],"beta-":[16,108],"endorphin":[17],"processing":[18],"in":[19,124,134,149,163,169],"the":[20,50,78,85,92,154,170],"brainstem,":[21],"pituitary":[22],"and":[23,48,80,107,121,165],"several":[24],"peripheral":[25,125],"tissues,":[26],"but":[27,83],"little":[28],"known":[30],"about":[31],"its":[32,60],"physiological":[33],"function.":[34],"The":[35],"long":[36],"term":[37],"objective":[38],"this":[40],"research":[41,63],"to":[43],"characterize":[44],"Gly-L-Gln's":[45],"biological":[46,135],"activities":[47],"test":[49],"feasibility":[51,93],"developing":[53,95],"pharmacologic":[54],"agents":[55],"that":[56,70,103,117,142,156],"mimic":[57],"or":[58],"antagonize":[59],"effects.":[61],"This":[62],"has":[64],"achieved":[65],"five":[66],"objectives:":[67],"(1)":[68],"Demonstrated":[69],"Gly-":[71,157],"L-Gln":[72,158],"centrally":[74],"active;":[75],"it":[76],"inhibits":[77,105],"hypotension":[79],"respiratory":[81],"depression,":[82],"not":[84],"analgesia,":[86],"produced":[87],"by":[88],"beta-endorphin;":[89],"(2)":[90],"Established":[91],"peripherally":[96],"active":[97],"analogs;":[99],"specifically,":[100],"we":[101],"found":[102],"cyclo-Gly-L-Gln":[104],"morphine":[106],"endorphin-induced":[109],"cardiorespiratory":[110],"depression":[111],"when":[112],"injected":[113],"peripherally;":[114],"(3)":[115],"Demonstrate":[116],"produces":[119],"trophic":[120],"neuroimmune":[122],"effects":[123],"tissues;":[126,136],"(4)":[127],"Developed":[128],"analytical":[129],"methods":[130],"for":[131],"measuring":[132],"and,":[137],"(5)":[138],"generated":[139],"initial":[140],"evidence":[141],"saturable":[143],"binding":[145],"sites":[146],"are":[147],"present":[148],"brain.":[150],"These":[151],"data":[152],"support":[153],"hypothesis":[155],"functions":[159],"as":[160],"neurotransmitter":[162],"brain":[164],"circulating":[167],"hormone":[168],"periphery.":[171],"Neurotransmitter,":[172],"Cardiovascular":[173],"regulation,":[174],"RAD":[175],"IV":[176],"Glycyl-L":[177],"glutamine,":[178],"Beta-Endorphin,":[179],"Post-translational":[180],"processing,":[181],"Proopiomelanocortin,":[182],"Peptide.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
