{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1507836617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","title":"A Study of Patent Thickets","display_name":"A Study of Patent Thickets","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1507836617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","mag":"1507836617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2467992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012935802","display_name":"Bronwyn H. Hall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3802-5567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3802-5567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139607695","display_name":"Institute for Fiscal Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cjx59","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139607695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129449","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition","ror":"https://ror.org/033198s46","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["DE","GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bronwyn H. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), 7 Ridgmount Street, London, WC1E 7AE, United Kingdom","Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Marstallplatz 1, Munich, Bayern 80539, Germany","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","University of California at Berkeley, 549 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, United States","Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)","Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","University of California at Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), 7 Ridgmount Street, London, WC1E 7AE, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139607695"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Marstallplatz 1, Munich, Bayern 80539, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Berkeley, 549 Evans Hall #3880, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139607695"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129449"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002152038","display_name":"Christian Helmers B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2353-465X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2353-465X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Helmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Clara University - Department of Economics, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, United States","Santa Clara University - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Clara University - Department of Economics, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Clara University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045341207","display_name":"Georg von Graevenitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-1679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-1679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799300731","display_name":"Norwich Research Park","ror":"https://ror.org/0062dz060","country_code":"GB","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799300731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146168","display_name":"CREATe Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04e30s833","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg von Graevenitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Competition Policy, UEA, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom","Queen Mary, School of Business and Management, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom","University of Glasgow - CREATe, RCUK Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy, 10 The Square, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom","Center for Competition Policy","Queen Mary, School of Business and Management","University of Glasgow - CREATe, RCUK Centre for Copyright and  New Business Models in the  Creative Economy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Competition Policy, UEA, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541","https://openalex.org/I2799300731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary, School of Business and Management, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow - CREATe, RCUK Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy, 10 The Square, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146168","https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Competition Policy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary, School of Business and Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow - CREATe, RCUK Centre for Copyright and  New Business Models in the  Creative Economy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146168","https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076802675","display_name":"Chiara Rosazza Bondibene","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Rosazza Bondibene","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London - School of Economics & Finance, Mile End Road, London, SE9 2ZP, United Kingdom","University of London - School of Economics & Finance"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London - School of Economics & Finance, Mile End Road, London, SE9 2ZP, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London - School of Economics & Finance","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012935802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I139607695","https://openalex.org/I4210129449","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-thickets","display_name":"patent thickets","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-barriers","display_name":"barriers to entry","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises","display_name":"small and medium-sized enterprises","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-areas","display_name":"technology areas","score":0.4359999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3530765473842621}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2467992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:56126","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/56126/1/HHvGR_Patent_Thickets_FIN_29Oct12v2.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/56126/1/HHvGR_Patent_Thickets_FIN_29Oct12v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.422.5210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.422.5210","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipresearch-thickets.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2467992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":137,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195695713","https://openalex.org/W570079595","https://openalex.org/W581580303","https://openalex.org/W838690786","https://openalex.org/W1510452983","https://openalex.org/W1522442230","https://openalex.org/W1527391817","https://openalex.org/W1533368239","https://openalex.org/W1534836784","https://openalex.org/W1537028837","https://openalex.org/W1555428867","https://openalex.org/W1562293376","https://openalex.org/W1577726433","https://openalex.org/W1590497498","https://openalex.org/W1603523073","https://openalex.org/W1767984569","https://openalex.org/W1784561343","https://openalex.org/W1794866403","https://openalex.org/W1820512588","https://openalex.org/W1863903992","https://openalex.org/W1864986141","https://openalex.org/W1895536516","https://openalex.org/W1912486164","https://openalex.org/W1942119493","https://openalex.org/W1967939145","https://openalex.org/W1968961720","https://openalex.org/W1969978703","https://openalex.org/W1975782241","https://openalex.org/W1978710835","https://openalex.org/W1987946036","https://openalex.org/W1988390718","https://openalex.org/W1993069315","https://openalex.org/W1995907191","https://openalex.org/W1998044574","https://openalex.org/W1998696732","https://openalex.org/W2002105292","https://openalex.org/W2005469898","https://openalex.org/W2007790706","https://openalex.org/W2010857707","https://openalex.org/W2012789749","https://openalex.org/W2014743832","https://openalex.org/W2015023846","https://openalex.org/W2015311578","https://openalex.org/W2019672133","https://openalex.org/W2020931182","https://openalex.org/W2022121550","https://openalex.org/W2033488646","https://openalex.org/W2038087464","https://openalex.org/W2042834059","https://openalex.org/W2048328048","https://openalex.org/W2061928525","https://openalex.org/W2062677071","https://openalex.org/W2072360360","https://openalex.org/W2077494539","https://openalex.org/W2079273360","https://openalex.org/W2080838006","https://openalex.org/W2083167981","https://openalex.org/W2085724261","https://openalex.org/W2097050150","https://openalex.org/W2099024050","https://openalex.org/W2104052147","https://openalex.org/W2111927065","https://openalex.org/W2112262143","https://openalex.org/W2113133677","https://openalex.org/W2113884442","https://openalex.org/W2116103309","https://openalex.org/W2116478037","https://openalex.org/W2117087539","https://openalex.org/W2117595955","https://openalex.org/W2117924162","https://openalex.org/W2123456937","https://openalex.org/W2125863022","https://openalex.org/W2130346914","https://openalex.org/W2136077128","https://openalex.org/W2136976558","https://openalex.org/W2137669694","https://openalex.org/W2138854005","https://openalex.org/W2148280884","https://openalex.org/W2148832177","https://openalex.org/W2149285120","https://openalex.org/W2152132348","https://openalex.org/W2153624566","https://openalex.org/W2154408264","https://openalex.org/W2155485703","https://openalex.org/W2158244006","https://openalex.org/W2160173619","https://openalex.org/W2166565848","https://openalex.org/W2168751125","https://openalex.org/W2197697029","https://openalex.org/W2216345044","https://openalex.org/W2255120900","https://openalex.org/W2275047866","https://openalex.org/W2334311856","https://openalex.org/W2569845586","https://openalex.org/W2597254820","https://openalex.org/W2735225136","https://openalex.org/W2889869725","https://openalex.org/W2892093308","https://openalex.org/W3021633358","https://openalex.org/W3121456617","https://openalex.org/W3121546805","https://openalex.org/W3121564593","https://openalex.org/W3121572065","https://openalex.org/W3121713190","https://openalex.org/W3121722162","https://openalex.org/W3121825563","https://openalex.org/W3121835407","https://openalex.org/W3122291626","https://openalex.org/W3122434042","https://openalex.org/W3122631768","https://openalex.org/W3122728592","https://openalex.org/W3123057980","https://openalex.org/W3124220708","https://openalex.org/W3124221357","https://openalex.org/W3124243998","https://openalex.org/W3124253902","https://openalex.org/W3124431478","https://openalex.org/W3124592322","https://openalex.org/W3124852260","https://openalex.org/W3125319632","https://openalex.org/W3125384152","https://openalex.org/W3125658338","https://openalex.org/W3125730235","https://openalex.org/W3125874494","https://openalex.org/W3126037869","https://openalex.org/W3148210626","https://openalex.org/W4206502026","https://openalex.org/W4231807095","https://openalex.org/W4233445588","https://openalex.org/W4236122069","https://openalex.org/W4238198940","https://openalex.org/W4241486835","https://openalex.org/W4243795074","https://openalex.org/W4249052661","https://openalex.org/W4250686750","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7062203013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098276389","https://openalex.org/W7095501009","https://openalex.org/W7100420655","https://openalex.org/W4293154451","https://openalex.org/W3124952175","https://openalex.org/W7097304398","https://openalex.org/W7070705685","https://openalex.org/W156334095","https://openalex.org/W1860436453","https://openalex.org/W4391062507"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}