{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1507621648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","title":"Review of Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use","display_name":"Review of Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1507621648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","mag":"1507621648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/783604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/783604","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109193767","display_name":"Tim Borges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Borges","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037214348","display_name":"G\u00fcnter Eisele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Eisele","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"C. Byrd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Byrd","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11146","display_name":"Hormonal and reproductive studies","score":0.2831999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.02800000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anabolic-androgenic-steroids","display_name":"anabolic steroids","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-testing","display_name":"drug testing","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-employees","display_name":"federal employees","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-guards","display_name":"security guards","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bodybuilding","display_name":"bodybuilding","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-performance-enhancement","display_name":"athletic performance improvement","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroid-withdrawal","display_name":"corticosteroid withdrawal","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-dependence","display_name":"substance dependence","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anabolic-steroid-abuse","display_name":"anabolic steroid abuse","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778722290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7933601","display_name":"Mood swing","level":3,"score":0.6248170137405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38829236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203994","display_name":"Euphoriant","level":2,"score":0.5173472762107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5071208477020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208195","display_name":"Pleasure","level":2,"score":0.4543520510196686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780820931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29299","display_name":"Irritability","level":3,"score":0.4511517584323883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2729863","display_name":"Hostility","level":2,"score":0.44021427631378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.4163057506084442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778941446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545365","display_name":"Anhedonia","level":3,"score":0.41461342573165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779366285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178066","display_name":"Libido","level":2,"score":0.41373342275619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.35422277450561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.3285719156265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3248337209224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3145950436592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.19708594679832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.13332471251487732}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/783604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/783604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc721051","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc721051/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:783604","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/783604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:783604","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/783604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60465229","https://openalex.org/W183936472","https://openalex.org/W327742510","https://openalex.org/W1604476085","https://openalex.org/W1823688200","https://openalex.org/W1933509544","https://openalex.org/W1965687134","https://openalex.org/W1974077161","https://openalex.org/W1979309534","https://openalex.org/W1981407688","https://openalex.org/W1986374731","https://openalex.org/W1995967563","https://openalex.org/W2013864965","https://openalex.org/W2018981995","https://openalex.org/W2019269074","https://openalex.org/W2021340839","https://openalex.org/W2025363664","https://openalex.org/W2028246377","https://openalex.org/W2033583816","https://openalex.org/W2033702782","https://openalex.org/W2037795533","https://openalex.org/W2041844512","https://openalex.org/W2053533816","https://openalex.org/W2056215865","https://openalex.org/W2057196832","https://openalex.org/W2063126434","https://openalex.org/W2064330466","https://openalex.org/W2064739263","https://openalex.org/W2069928218","https://openalex.org/W2070992701","https://openalex.org/W2073050148","https://openalex.org/W2073209871","https://openalex.org/W2078119524","https://openalex.org/W2078696862","https://openalex.org/W2083227523","https://openalex.org/W2088207794","https://openalex.org/W2090398172","https://openalex.org/W2105628763","https://openalex.org/W2115625897","https://openalex.org/W2118523099","https://openalex.org/W2155189384","https://openalex.org/W2158368603","https://openalex.org/W2162990356","https://openalex.org/W2168793596","https://openalex.org/W2170148961","https://openalex.org/W2171285766","https://openalex.org/W2294960855","https://openalex.org/W2322269175","https://openalex.org/W2343608466","https://openalex.org/W2399015121","https://openalex.org/W2404705475","https://openalex.org/W2406119616","https://openalex.org/W2418056323","https://openalex.org/W2502431517","https://openalex.org/W2937631599","https://openalex.org/W3112940098","https://openalex.org/W4232157891","https://openalex.org/W4233091198","https://openalex.org/W4249956846","https://openalex.org/W4290209534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133772333","https://openalex.org/W4281831807","https://openalex.org/W3032560845","https://openalex.org/W4211053265","https://openalex.org/W2039719582","https://openalex.org/W2048122676","https://openalex.org/W2122879427","https://openalex.org/W2003259604","https://openalex.org/W2042278208","https://openalex.org/W2793970555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"area":[1],"that":[2,61,211],"has":[3],"been":[4,204],"overlooked":[5],"within":[6,20],"personnel":[7],"security":[8],"evaluations":[9],"is":[10,53,147],"employee":[11],"use":[12,77,146],"of":[13,50,93,119,126,134,178,214],"androgenic-anabolic":[14],"steroids":[15,63],"(AAS).":[16],"Current":[17],"drug":[18,173],"testing":[19,27,37,45],"the":[21,32,41,57,59,131,135],"federal":[22],"government":[23],"does":[24],"not":[25],"include":[26],"for":[28,107,144],"anabolic":[29,62,127],"steroids,":[30,128],"and":[31,70,109,149,170,180,183,196,200,226],"difficulties":[33],"to":[34,39,54,56,81,89,102,130],"implement":[35],"such":[36,188],"protocols-not":[38],"mention":[40],"cost":[42],"involved-make":[43],"AAS":[44,145,215],"highly":[46],"improbable.":[47],"The":[48,140,172],"basis":[49],"this":[51],"report":[52],"bring":[55],"forefront":[58],"damage":[60],"can":[64],"cause":[65],"from":[66],"both":[67],"a":[68,71,176],"physical":[69,105],"psychological":[72,142],"standpoint.":[73],"Most":[74],"individuals":[75],"who":[76,121],"AASs":[78],"do":[79],"so":[80],"increase":[82],"their":[83,104],"muscle":[84],"mass":[85],"because":[86],"they":[87,100],"wish":[88,101],"gain":[90],"some":[91],"type":[92],"competitive":[94],"edge":[95],"during":[96],"athletic":[97],"competition":[98],"or":[99],"enhance":[103],"features":[106],"self-satisfaction":[108],"self-esteem":[110],"(i.e.,":[111,223],"body":[112],"building).":[113],"Security":[114],"officers":[115],"are":[116],"one":[117],"group":[118],"men":[120],"often":[122],"take":[123],"high":[124],"doses":[125],"according":[129],"Second":[132],"Report":[133],"Senate":[136],"Standing":[137],"Committee":[138],"(1990).":[139],"negative":[141],"characteristics":[143,218],"extensive":[148],"includes":[150],"prominent":[151],"hostility,":[152],"aggressiveness,":[153],"irritability,":[154],"euphoria,":[155],"grandiose":[156],"beliefs,":[157],"hyperactivity,":[158],"reckless":[159],"behavior,":[160],"increased":[161],"sexual":[162],"appetite,":[163],"unpredictability,":[164],"poor":[165],"impulse":[166],"control,":[167],"mood":[168],"fluctuations,":[169],"insomnia.":[171],"may":[174],"invoke":[175],"sense":[177],"power":[179],"invincibility":[181],"(Leckman":[182],"Scahill,":[184],"1990).":[185],"Depressive":[186],"symptoms,":[187],"as":[189,219],"anhedonia,":[190],"fatigue,":[191],"impaired":[192],"concentration,":[193],"decreased":[194],"libido,":[195],"even":[197],"suicidality":[198],"(Pope":[199],"Katz,":[201],"1992)":[202],"have":[203],"noted":[205],"with":[206],"steroid":[207],"withdrawal.":[208],"It":[209],"appears":[210],"long-term":[212],"users":[213],"experience":[216],"similar":[217],"other":[220],"substance":[221],"abusers":[222],"craving,":[224],"dependence,":[225],"withdrawal":[227],"symptoms).":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}