{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1506573754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","title":"Philosophy of Biology","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1506573754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","mag":"1506573754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophies of the Sciences","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W235066239","display_name":"Philosophies of the Sciences"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082701979","display_name":"Matthew H. Haber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-3802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-3802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew H. Haber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006103998","display_name":"Andrew L. Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-5209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-5209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028231204","display_name":"Samir Okasha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-7557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-7557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Okasha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036018779","display_name":"Jay Odenbaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-8031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-8031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74201987","display_name":"Lewis & Clark College","ror":"https://ror.org/013pz1582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74201987"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Odenbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Studies Program, Lewis and Clark College, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Studies Program, Lewis and Clark College, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74201987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"184","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12182","display_name":"Evolution and Science Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-biology","display_name":"philosophy of biology","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"biology","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematics","display_name":"systematics","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution","display_name":"evolution","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levels-of-selection","display_name":"levels of selection","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41806617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516404","display_name":"Systematics","level":3,"score":0.7339619994163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5993903279304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4862155020236969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4612610936164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.45906713604927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.34374523162841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14156675338745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.09380993247032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07974308729171753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315578.ch8","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophies of the Sciences","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4580486","https://openalex.org/W53826019","https://openalex.org/W135871041","https://openalex.org/W144671515","https://openalex.org/W160404694","https://openalex.org/W255661142","https://openalex.org/W641093634","https://openalex.org/W1124951907","https://openalex.org/W1415442047","https://openalex.org/W1493529132","https://openalex.org/W1498210519","https://openalex.org/W1529185139","https://openalex.org/W1531651028","https://openalex.org/W1541780330","https://openalex.org/W1541990703","https://openalex.org/W1579578542","https://openalex.org/W1765868291","https://openalex.org/W1840956397","https://openalex.org/W1934703699","https://openalex.org/W1964484191","https://openalex.org/W1966335136","https://openalex.org/W1971843143","https://openalex.org/W1975450648","https://openalex.org/W1978122031","https://openalex.org/W1994131186","https://openalex.org/W2005336952","https://openalex.org/W2008083428","https://openalex.org/W2008372054","https://openalex.org/W2012018966","https://openalex.org/W2012360392","https://openalex.org/W2018312512","https://openalex.org/W2043887813","https://openalex.org/W2044966382","https://openalex.org/W2047647995","https://openalex.org/W2049049121","https://openalex.org/W2050978315","https://openalex.org/W2051033010","https://openalex.org/W2051080577","https://openalex.org/W2051443330","https://openalex.org/W2063792498","https://openalex.org/W2074560738","https://openalex.org/W2075431254","https://openalex.org/W2076255172","https://openalex.org/W2077466703","https://openalex.org/W2080843536","https://openalex.org/W2083665890","https://openalex.org/W2084101421","https://openalex.org/W2086687204","https://openalex.org/W2087169316","https://openalex.org/W2093385049","https://openalex.org/W2097615668","https://openalex.org/W2098069022","https://openalex.org/W2107090302","https://openalex.org/W2108969111","https://openalex.org/W2121082749","https://openalex.org/W2123595569","https://openalex.org/W2123684750","https://openalex.org/W2124337033","https://openalex.org/W2150281203","https://openalex.org/W2154327289","https://openalex.org/W2166972836","https://openalex.org/W2171116450","https://openalex.org/W2177615838","https://openalex.org/W2183447754","https://openalex.org/W2328931674","https://openalex.org/W2331331310","https://openalex.org/W2335614401","https://openalex.org/W2504515846","https://openalex.org/W2504521553","https://openalex.org/W2802252495","https://openalex.org/W2985438682","https://openalex.org/W3140996419","https://openalex.org/W3190904843","https://openalex.org/W4207081475","https://openalex.org/W4211161053","https://openalex.org/W4214535465","https://openalex.org/W4230160465","https://openalex.org/W4230896293","https://openalex.org/W4231079695","https://openalex.org/W4233815609","https://openalex.org/W4236671098","https://openalex.org/W4236931396","https://openalex.org/W4238380085","https://openalex.org/W4244044816","https://openalex.org/W4244797807","https://openalex.org/W4246769241","https://openalex.org/W4246998700","https://openalex.org/W4250329948","https://openalex.org/W4251619810","https://openalex.org/W4255690552","https://openalex.org/W4255996317","https://openalex.org/W6609562461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W16945920","https://openalex.org/W1740391661","https://openalex.org/W2971004568","https://openalex.org/W144929630","https://openalex.org/W2025535041","https://openalex.org/W2239987062","https://openalex.org/W271234643","https://openalex.org/W3172119228","https://openalex.org/W606462638","https://openalex.org/W2989829017"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"chapter":[1],"contains":[2],"sections":[3],"titled:":[4],"Introduction":[5],"What":[6],"Are":[7],"the":[8],"Biological":[9],"Sciences":[10],"(Not)?":[11],"Systematics":[12],"Ecology":[13],"and":[14],"Evolution":[15],"Levels":[16],"of":[17],"Selection":[18],"Conclusion":[19],"References":[20]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
