{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1506152944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","title":"RISK IN AGRICULTURE AS IMPEDIMENT TO RURAL LENDING - THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN","display_name":"RISK IN AGRICULTURE AS IMPEDIMENT TO RURAL LENDING - THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1506152944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","mag":"1506152944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:iamodp:14939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939/files/dp000024.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939/files/dp000024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042067634","display_name":"Martin Petrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4477-6367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4477-6367"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petrick, Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059726391","display_name":"C. Markus Ditges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ditges, C. Markus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.4636000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.4636000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.3977000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.08100000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-credit","display_name":"agricultural credit","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-credit","display_name":"rural credit","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-risk","display_name":"agricultural risk","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-risk","display_name":"credit risk","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-capital","display_name":"working capital","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"risk management","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio-optimization","display_name":"portfolio optimization","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"quadratic programming","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-reforms","display_name":"structural reforms","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-economy","display_name":"rural economy","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6858954429626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.5356872081756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988676352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773637","display_name":"Rural development","level":3,"score":0.4769929051399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4389329254627228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.4040970206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549774020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851147","display_name":"Welfare economics","level":1,"score":0.3230857253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2943059206008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25275564193725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:iamodp:14939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939/files/dp000024.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939/files/dp000024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:zbw:iamodp:14939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/28559/1/310995892.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/28559/1/310995892.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:14939","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14939","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:1506152944","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/28559/1/310995892.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008964088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008964088&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/28559","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/28559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.14939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.14939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.14939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385518912","https://openalex.org/W614853655","https://openalex.org/W634262267","https://openalex.org/W1479790053","https://openalex.org/W1500080610","https://openalex.org/W1503991222","https://openalex.org/W1525743449","https://openalex.org/W1533188739","https://openalex.org/W1536617894","https://openalex.org/W1537540260","https://openalex.org/W1537740617","https://openalex.org/W1550716950","https://openalex.org/W1553031056","https://openalex.org/W1558410539","https://openalex.org/W1560045476","https://openalex.org/W1572949902","https://openalex.org/W1580907377","https://openalex.org/W1586373704","https://openalex.org/W1594746655","https://openalex.org/W1685046189","https://openalex.org/W1844505327","https://openalex.org/W1994100435","https://openalex.org/W2011749849","https://openalex.org/W2017455330","https://openalex.org/W2027988575","https://openalex.org/W2041085293","https://openalex.org/W2050187484","https://openalex.org/W2101628066","https://openalex.org/W2125011426","https://openalex.org/W2150461118","https://openalex.org/W2166470670","https://openalex.org/W2250167495","https://openalex.org/W2968453199","https://openalex.org/W3039289333"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3155790435","https://openalex.org/W3214331273","https://openalex.org/W4388297868","https://openalex.org/W4391552897","https://openalex.org/W7135340349","https://openalex.org/W2907342132","https://openalex.org/W4220980426","https://openalex.org/W2129785048","https://openalex.org/W1566160031","https://openalex.org/W1990544475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"the":[1,21,43,82,101,108,113],"basis":[2],"of":[3,24,49,59,88,110],"portfolio":[4],"selection":[5],"theory,":[6],"this":[7],"paper":[8],"finds":[9],"that":[10,56,106],"whole-farm":[11],"risk":[12,47,65,72,86],"must":[13],"be":[14,78],"regarded":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,50,79],"major":[18],"reason":[19],"for":[20,81,103],"low":[22],"level":[23],"credit":[25],"flow":[26],"to":[27,41,54,64,69,99],"agriculture":[28,89,111],"in":[29,38,84,90,112],"North-western":[30],"Kazakhstan.":[31],"A":[32],"quadratic":[33],"programming":[34],"model":[35],"was":[36],"used":[37],"order":[39],"(a)":[40],"demonstrate":[42],"comparatively":[44],"high":[45],"overall":[46],"exposition":[48,87],"typical":[51],"farm,":[52],"(b)":[53],"show":[55],"an":[57],"inflow":[58],"working":[60],"capital":[61],"could":[62],"contribute":[63],"reduction,":[66],"and":[67,95],"(c)":[68],"illustrate":[70],"short-term":[71],"management":[73],"strategies.":[74],"Although":[75],"there":[76],"may":[77],"role":[80],"government":[83],"reducing":[85],"its":[91],"current":[92],"form,":[93],"natural":[94],"economic":[96],"constraints":[97],"suggest":[98],"pave":[100],"way":[102],"structural":[104],"reforms":[105],"reduce":[107],"importance":[109],"rural":[114],"economy.":[115],".":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}