{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1505504974","doi":null,"title":"Early Twentieth Century Productivity Growth Dynamics: An Inquiry into the Economic History of Our Ignorance","display_name":"Early Twentieth Century Productivity Growth Dynamics: An Inquiry into the Economic History of Our Ignorance","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1505504974","mag":"1505504974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nuf:esohwp:_033","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2269/33DAVID4.PDF","pdf_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2269/33DAVID4.PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0502023.html","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109982687","display_name":"Paul A. David","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. David","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107396201","display_name":"Gavin Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7000-9305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7000-9305"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gavin Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity-growth","display_name":"total factor productivity growth","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-productivity","display_name":"manufacturing productivity","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-technology","display_name":"general purpose technologies","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-spillovers","display_name":"knowledge spillovers","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-electrification","display_name":"industrial electrification","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-productivity","display_name":"capital productivity","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-labor-market","display_name":"industrial labor market","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-wages","display_name":"real wages","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-practices","display_name":"management practices","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-economic-history","display_name":"American economic history","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1920s","display_name":"1920s","score":0.9169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.8656217455863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7200464010238647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6054028868675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5047351121902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.492740660905838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777098202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692324","display_name":"Technical change","level":3,"score":0.47437745332717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4187540113925934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.39192765951156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3489941358566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.34173309803009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09114480018615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nuf:esohwp:_033","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2269/33DAVID4.PDF","pdf_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2269/33DAVID4.PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:0502023","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/0502/0502023.pdf","pdf_url":"https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/0502/0502023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.153.3265","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.153.3265","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History/Paper33/33david4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1505504974","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:oxf:esohwp:_033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2788970662","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0502023.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2788970662","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0502023.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44279772","https://openalex.org/W232684028","https://openalex.org/W275090733","https://openalex.org/W1492832303","https://openalex.org/W1520359430","https://openalex.org/W1578725882","https://openalex.org/W1593629761","https://openalex.org/W1597681081","https://openalex.org/W1605428742","https://openalex.org/W1967970546","https://openalex.org/W1989864366","https://openalex.org/W2004132487","https://openalex.org/W2004530448","https://openalex.org/W2009949535","https://openalex.org/W2010814313","https://openalex.org/W2017163794","https://openalex.org/W2033912020","https://openalex.org/W2034819676","https://openalex.org/W2036105787","https://openalex.org/W2048506134","https://openalex.org/W2056703873","https://openalex.org/W2082160100","https://openalex.org/W2083750905","https://openalex.org/W2103419131","https://openalex.org/W2123625418","https://openalex.org/W2124144497","https://openalex.org/W2128258933","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2138632812","https://openalex.org/W2141010452","https://openalex.org/W2316635333","https://openalex.org/W2332204710","https://openalex.org/W2334102341","https://openalex.org/W2626973634","https://openalex.org/W2992958150","https://openalex.org/W3023499496","https://openalex.org/W3122151381","https://openalex.org/W3125752970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095071040","https://openalex.org/W7097127478","https://openalex.org/W1889244649","https://openalex.org/W1577906782","https://openalex.org/W2115584072","https://openalex.org/W2939954786","https://openalex.org/W3000404117","https://openalex.org/W2257441641","https://openalex.org/W2034635286","https://openalex.org/W2094935822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"marked":[1],"acceleration":[2,160],"of":[3,26,44,56,62,65,73,80,85,90,95,107,127,136,153,156,172,179,206,230,255,280,292,309,317,342],"total":[4],"factor":[5],"productivity":[6,66,108,192,287,310],"(TFP)":[7],"growth":[8,67,130,215,340],"in":[9,150,170,184,203,216,224,246,268,277],"U.S.":[10],"manufacturing":[11],"followed":[12,252],"World":[13],"War":[14],"I.":[15],"This":[16,296],"development":[17],"contributed":[18],"substantially":[19],"to":[20,70,131,193,266,305,336,338,350],"the":[21,27,37,41,45,53,57,63,78,86,93,119,128,134,154,157,162,166,173,180,185,225,228,239,247,253,281,284,290,307,315,318,321,331,339],"absolute":[22],"and":[23,92,112,124,208,271],"relative":[24],"rise":[25],"domestic":[28],"economy's":[29],"aggregate":[30],"TFP":[31,129,159,181],"residual,":[32],"which":[33,137,198,209],"is":[34,145],"observed":[35],"when":[36],"'growth":[38],"accounts'":[39],"for":[40,52,147,302],"first":[42,174],"quarter":[43],"twentieth":[46],"century":[47],"are":[48,68,110],"compared":[49],"with":[50],"those":[51],"second":[54,101],"half":[55],"nineteenth":[58],"century.":[59],"Two":[60],"visions":[61],"dynamics":[64],"germane":[69],"an":[71,151],"understanding":[72],"these":[74,293],"developments.":[75],"One":[76],"emphasizes":[77],"role":[79],"forces":[81],"affecting":[82],"broad":[83],"sections":[84],"economy,":[87],"through":[88],"spillovers":[89],"knowledge":[91],"diffusion":[94,229],"general":[96],"purpose":[97],"technologies":[98],"(GPT's).":[99],"The":[100,176,219,286],"view":[102],"considers":[103],"that":[104,233,274,328,343],"possible":[105,116],"sources":[106,155],"increase":[109,306],"multiple":[111],"idiosyncratic.":[113],"Setting":[114],"aside":[115],"measurement":[117],"errors,":[118],"latter":[120],"approach":[121],"regards":[122],"sectoral":[123],"economy-wide":[125],"surges":[126],"be":[132,347],"simply":[133],"result":[135],"carried":[138],"more":[139,168],"weight":[140],"than":[141],"others.":[142],"Although":[143],"there":[144],"room":[146],"both":[148],"views":[149],"analysis":[152],"industrial":[158,249],"during":[161],"1920's,":[163],"we":[164,334,345],"find":[165],"evidence":[167],"compelling":[169],"support":[171],"approach.":[175],"proximate":[177],"source":[178],"surge":[182,288],"lay":[183],"switch":[186],"from":[187,258],"declining":[188],"or":[189],"stable":[190],"capital":[191],"a":[194,231,325],"rising":[195,260],"output-capital":[196],"ratio,":[197],"occurred":[199],"at":[200],"this":[201],"time":[202],"many":[204,313],"branches":[205,279],"manufacturing,":[207],"was":[210],"not":[211],"accompanied":[212],"by":[213],"slowed":[214],"labor":[217,250],"productivity.":[218],"1920's":[220,319],"saw":[221],"critical":[222],"advances":[223],"electrification":[226],"industry,":[227],"GTP":[232],"brought":[234],"significant":[235],"fixed":[236],"capital-savings.":[237],"But":[238],"same":[240],"era":[241],"also":[242],"witnessed":[243],"profound":[244],"transformations":[245],"American":[248],"market,":[251],"stoppage":[254],"mass":[256],"immigration":[257],"Europe;":[259],"real":[261],"wages":[262],"provided":[263],"strong":[264],"impetus":[265],"changes":[267],"workforce":[269],"recruitment":[270],"management":[272],"practices":[273],"were":[275],"underway":[276],"some":[278],"economy":[282,323],"before":[283],"War.":[285],"reflected":[289],"confluence":[291],"two":[294],"forces.":[295],"historical":[297],"study":[298],"has":[299],"direct":[300],"relevance":[301],"policies":[303],"intended":[304],"rate":[308],"growth.":[311],"In":[312],"respects,":[314],"decade":[316],"launched":[320],"US":[322],"on":[324],"high-growth":[326],"path":[327],"lasted":[329],"until":[330],"1970's.":[332],"If":[333],"hope":[335],"return":[337],"performance":[341],"era,":[344],"would":[346],"well":[348],"advised":[349],"understand":[351],"how":[352],"it":[353],"began.":[354]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
