{"id":"https://openalex.org/W150533065","doi":null,"title":"Environmental Determinism: Broken Paradigm or Viable Perspective?.","display_name":"Environmental Determinism: Broken Paradigm or Viable Perspective?.","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W150533065","mag":"150533065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.etsu.edu:etd-3191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1839","pdf_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3191&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196424","display_name":"Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119443389","host_organization_name":"East Tennessee State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3191&context=etd","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046762835","display_name":"Gerald Larson Hardin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119443389","display_name":"East Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05rfqv493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Larson Hardin","raw_affiliation_strings":["East Tennessee State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Tennessee State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046762835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04959569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14517","display_name":"Diverse Historical and Scientific Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12837","display_name":"American Environmental and Regional History","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-determinism","display_name":"environmental determinism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-nature-relationship","display_name":"human-nature relationship","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-adaptation-to-environment","display_name":"human adaptation to environment","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-geography","display_name":"history of geography","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/darwinism","display_name":"Darwinism","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socialization","display_name":"socialization","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reformed-theology","display_name":"Reformed theology","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protestantism","display_name":"Protestantism","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neolithic-religion","display_name":"Neolithic religion","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropomorphism","display_name":"anthropomorphism","score":0.8759999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7122941017150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.47564077377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.43107378482818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3239372968673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3222880959510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27996826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.24728277325630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13665121793746948}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.etsu.edu:etd-3191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1839","pdf_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3191&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196424","display_name":"Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119443389","host_organization_name":"East Tennessee State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1028.9145","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1028.9145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D3191%26context%3Detd","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:150533065","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3191&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.etsu.edu:etd-3191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1839","pdf_url":"https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3191&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196424","display_name":"Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119443389","host_organization_name":"East Tennessee State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119443389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W150533065.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W150533065.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W574346536","https://openalex.org/W599138559","https://openalex.org/W647521100","https://openalex.org/W1479760903","https://openalex.org/W1538251182","https://openalex.org/W1541211071","https://openalex.org/W1543497377","https://openalex.org/W1556812745","https://openalex.org/W1558546732","https://openalex.org/W1566093765","https://openalex.org/W1574481754","https://openalex.org/W1581407682","https://openalex.org/W1583201287","https://openalex.org/W1589313316","https://openalex.org/W1600350770","https://openalex.org/W1970263482","https://openalex.org/W1976062657","https://openalex.org/W1978882774","https://openalex.org/W1999379997","https://openalex.org/W2000679063","https://openalex.org/W2026648749","https://openalex.org/W2028575454","https://openalex.org/W2033144743","https://openalex.org/W2034904680","https://openalex.org/W2035087451","https://openalex.org/W2038489412","https://openalex.org/W2038973717","https://openalex.org/W2039106779","https://openalex.org/W2039181786","https://openalex.org/W2046346568","https://openalex.org/W2063235573","https://openalex.org/W2072978290","https://openalex.org/W2138355780","https://openalex.org/W2164087692","https://openalex.org/W2322515768","https://openalex.org/W2328046083","https://openalex.org/W2795539131","https://openalex.org/W2798462310","https://openalex.org/W2904281056","https://openalex.org/W3146093935","https://openalex.org/W3212752827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4236713101","https://openalex.org/W4232063376","https://openalex.org/W2951458777","https://openalex.org/W4316511128","https://openalex.org/W2037956160","https://openalex.org/W1990433961","https://openalex.org/W2925416379","https://openalex.org/W2168146045","https://openalex.org/W4386617680","https://openalex.org/W6925139966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"research":[1],"was":[2,11,15,31,53,64,92,177,198],"to":[3,75,81,93,126,200,210],"examine":[4],"the":[5,18,22,28,41,46,76,87,90,116,119,127,134,137,147,154,162,220,243,255,262,272],"issue":[6],"of":[7,21,43,48,60,89,102,118,136,142,173,205,219,242,257,261,271],"environmental":[8,96,157,226],"determinism.":[9],"It":[10,38,63,107,122,197,234],"an":[12,103],"ideology":[13,163],"that":[14,25,27,71,192,207,225,237,246],"prevalent":[16],"throughout":[17],"early":[19],"decades":[20],"20th":[23],"century":[24],"held":[26],"natural":[29,77,138],"environment":[30,78],"responsible":[32],"for":[33,58,195,230],"virtually":[34],"all":[35],"human":[36,61,73],"development.":[37],"helped":[39],"bring":[40],"study":[42,59,91,256],"geography":[44],"into":[45],"venue":[47],"postsecondary":[49],"education,":[50],"where":[51,213],"it":[52,176,182,188,214,222,247],"viewed":[54,72],"as":[55,79],"a":[56,65,99,109,171,190],"tool":[57],"activities.":[62],"new":[66],"science":[67],"inspired":[68],"by":[69,153],"Darwinism":[70],"adaptation":[74],"critical":[80],"socialization.":[82],"Relying":[83],"on":[84],"historical":[85],"sources,":[86],"purpose":[88],"reveal":[94],"how":[95],"determinism":[97,158,227],"became":[98,170],"controversial":[100],"extension":[101],"ancient":[104],"belief":[105,191],"system.":[106],"played":[108],"role":[110],"in":[111,130,140],"religious":[112],"thought,":[113],"philosophy,":[114],"and":[115,149,168,202,232],"rise":[117],"social":[120],"sciences.":[121],"likely":[123],"dates":[124],"back":[125],"Neolithic":[128],"epoch":[129],"which":[131],"cultures":[132],"explained":[133],"mysteries":[135],"world":[139],"terms":[141],"fearsome":[143],"anthropomorphisized":[144],"elements.":[145],"Today,":[146],"gods":[148],"goddesses":[150],"have":[151],"fallen":[152],"wayside,":[155],"while":[156],"has":[159,193],"not.":[160],"Eventually,":[161],"lost":[164],"its":[165],"major":[166],"supporter":[167],"then":[169],"topic":[172],"disapproval.":[174],"However,":[175],"never":[178],"entirely":[179],"disproven,":[180],"but":[181],"did":[183],"fall":[184],"from":[185],"grace.":[186],"And,":[187],"is":[189,223,235],"persisted":[194],"centuries.":[196],"central":[199],"Calvinism":[201],"some":[203],"versions":[204],"Protestantism":[206],"were":[208],"relocated":[209],"North":[211],"America":[212],"took":[215],"root.":[216],"In":[217],"view":[218],"evidence,":[221],"proposed":[224],"be":[228,240,265],"reopened":[229],"reassessment":[231],"debate.":[233],"manifest":[236],"future":[238],"generations":[239],"apprised":[241],"potential":[244],"problems":[245],"may":[248],"inspire.":[249],"To":[250],"paraphrase":[251],"Ellen":[252],"Churchill":[253],"Semple,":[254],"humans":[258],"without":[259,269],"consideration":[260,270],"earth,":[263],"would":[264],"like":[266],"studying":[267],"cactus":[268],"desert.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}