{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1504490464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","title":"What Can We Learn About the Decline in U.S. Union Membership from International Data?","display_name":"What Can We Learn About the Decline in U.S. Union Membership from International Data?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1504490464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","mag":"1504490464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.459586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020087732","display_name":"SOLOMON WILLIAM POLACHEK","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-3402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-3402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Solomon W. Polachek","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States","IZA Institute of Labor Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","State University of New York at Binghamton"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-3402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Binghamton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020087732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342","https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I197518295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13911","display_name":"Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-density","display_name":"union density","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-growth","display_name":"manufacturing growth","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-farm-employment","display_name":"off-farm employment","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strikes","display_name":"strikes","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-unions","display_name":"trade unions","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4959941804409027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4351280629634857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2783288061618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2630144953727722}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.459586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:iza:izadps:dp896","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp896.pdf","pdf_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp896.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/20135","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/20135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.459586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.459586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324900","display_name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572805878","https://openalex.org/W1489314418","https://openalex.org/W1497614394","https://openalex.org/W1584077949","https://openalex.org/W1975258234","https://openalex.org/W1998981181","https://openalex.org/W2009884506","https://openalex.org/W2050467394","https://openalex.org/W2052386939","https://openalex.org/W2055901900","https://openalex.org/W2078561139","https://openalex.org/W2088833866","https://openalex.org/W2330695073","https://openalex.org/W2335348409","https://openalex.org/W3023342100","https://openalex.org/W3125307313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975175241","https://openalex.org/W2072582597","https://openalex.org/W129898933","https://openalex.org/W4381884754","https://openalex.org/W2148941647","https://openalex.org/W4414345009","https://openalex.org/W2091170718","https://openalex.org/W7097395520","https://openalex.org/W2565128104","https://openalex.org/W1974835310"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-15T10:00:46.086208","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}