{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1504184474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","title":"Inequality: Earnings vs. Human Wealth","display_name":"Inequality: Earnings vs. Human Wealth","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1504184474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","mag":"1504184474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084453792","display_name":"Lee A. Lillard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Lillard","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 204 Junipero Serra Boulevard , Stanford , CA 94305","(Deceased)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. 204 Junipero Serra Boulevard , Stanford , CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Deceased)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084453792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":"42","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.14720000326633453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality","display_name":"wage inequality","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-wealth","display_name":"human wealth","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-well-being","display_name":"economic well-being","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schooling-investment","display_name":"schooling investment","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6481592655181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.6065680980682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5521878600120544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19568350911140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.13490185141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0080","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w0080.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w0080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3121378398","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbrnberwo/0080.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125008420","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/0080.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1504184474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1504184474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184464978","https://openalex.org/W321128651","https://openalex.org/W563822514","https://openalex.org/W1489037839","https://openalex.org/W1490134861","https://openalex.org/W1510735484","https://openalex.org/W1532277906","https://openalex.org/W1557890408","https://openalex.org/W1580093159","https://openalex.org/W1594462291","https://openalex.org/W1601692506","https://openalex.org/W1843669330","https://openalex.org/W1989516522","https://openalex.org/W2038106030","https://openalex.org/W2113532537","https://openalex.org/W2122153309","https://openalex.org/W2129625981","https://openalex.org/W2168968073","https://openalex.org/W2892184388","https://openalex.org/W3121231251","https://openalex.org/W3121306252","https://openalex.org/W3121684255","https://openalex.org/W3122169237","https://openalex.org/W3124684532","https://openalex.org/W3125296788","https://openalex.org/W3142822210","https://openalex.org/W6633212134","https://openalex.org/W6781349999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124047422","https://openalex.org/W3174939542","https://openalex.org/W1528523132","https://openalex.org/W3200184094","https://openalex.org/W3123448233","https://openalex.org/W7099598957","https://openalex.org/W7100550669","https://openalex.org/W2908935839","https://openalex.org/W4402970687","https://openalex.org/W3123399963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inequality":[0],"in":[1,15,28,47,100,108,126,169],"economic":[2,60],"well-being":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,162],"important":[6],"contemporary":[7],"issue.Historically":[8],"most":[9],"studies":[10,147],"have":[11,148],"dealt":[12,149],"with":[13,150],"inequality":[14],"annual":[16],"earnings":[17,152],"or":[18,25],"wages1":[19],"based":[20],"on":[21,26],"cross":[22,30],"section":[23],"data":[24],"changes":[27],"these":[29,156],"sections":[31],"over":[32],"time":[33],"and":[34,43,86,90,93,102,153],"space.See,":[35],"for":[36,116],"example,":[37],"the":[38,52,91,167],"works":[39],"of":[40,59,88,95,119,121,166],"Mincer":[41,101],"(1974)":[42,74],"Chiswick":[44],"(1974).Recent":[45],"developments":[46],"human":[48,127],"capital":[49],"theory":[50],"stress":[51],"need":[53],"to":[54],"consider":[55],"a":[56,113],"broader":[57],"definition":[58],"well":[61],"being":[62],"encompassing":[63],"life":[64,123],"cycle":[65,124],"behavior.Major":[66],"contributions":[67],"by":[68,132],"Becker":[69],"(1964),":[70],"Ben-Porath":[71,109],"(1967),":[72],"andMincer":[73],"emphasize":[75],"individual":[76,145],"decisions":[77],"which":[78],"affect":[79],"lifetime":[80],"earning":[81],"patterns":[82],"such":[83],"as":[84,99],"years":[85],"quality":[87],"schooling":[89],"level":[92],"pattern":[94],"on-the-job":[96],"postschooling":[97],"investment":[98,125],"Polachek":[103],"(1974).The":[104],"basic":[105,129],"model":[106],"presented":[107],"(1967)":[110],"has":[111],"become":[112],"popular":[114],"vehicle":[115],"detailed":[117],"refinement":[118],"models":[120],"optimal":[122],"capital.The":[128],"model,":[130],"considered":[131],"Haley":[133],"(1973),":[134,138,140],"Johnson":[135],"(1970),":[136],"Lillard":[137],"Rosen":[139],"andWallace":[141],"andIhnen":[142],"(1974),":[143],"assumes":[144],"'Some":[146],"non-human":[151],"wealth":[154],"but":[155],"will":[157],"not":[158],"be":[159],"elaborated":[160],"here.For":[161],"example":[163],"see":[164],"some":[165],"papers":[168],"James":[170],"D.":[171],"Smith":[172],"(1975).":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
