{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1502969653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1206.3273","title":"Discovering Cyclic Causal Models by Independent Components Analysis","display_name":"Discovering Cyclic Causal Models by Independent Components Analysis","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1502969653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1206.3273","mag":"1502969653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1206.3273","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3273","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3273","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024942509","display_name":"Gustavo Lacerda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4181-4480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4181-4480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lacerda, Gustavo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning Department School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047533473","display_name":"Peter Spirtes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-190X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-190X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spirtes, Peter L.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","Dept. of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072559258","display_name":"Joseph Ramsey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramsey, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","Dept. of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh , PA 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062387708","display_name":"Patrik O. Hoyer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoyer, Patrik O.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki , Finland","Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science University of Helsinki Helsinki , Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"366","last_page":"374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-discovery","display_name":"causal discovery","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lingam","display_name":"LiNGAM","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"independent component analysis","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"structural equation modeling","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-sufficiency","display_name":"causal sufficiency","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.8605148196220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.6661017537117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.611086905002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777044963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384707","display_name":"Equivalence class (music)","level":2,"score":0.5941610932350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.534363865852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4609091877937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4541938900947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4408462941646576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43014150857925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777721189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17121921","display_name":"Observational equivalence","level":2,"score":0.41494932770729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3758089244365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.22813117504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22289368510246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17427906394004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.07934311032295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07544142007827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1206.3273","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3273","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1502969653","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.131.5842","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.131.5842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.optimizelife.com/cyclic-discovery.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.143.4995","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.143.4995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://uai2008.cs.helsinki.fi/UAI_camera_ready/lacerda.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.329.2274","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.329.2274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/phoyer/papers/pdf/lacerda2008uai.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1206.3273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1206.3273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1206.3273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:2963358729","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://clopinet.com/isabelle/Projects/reading/spirtes-cyclic-discoverynew.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421103","display_name":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1206.3273","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3273","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1206.3273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5585001614","display_name":"Building Cognitive Tutors with Programming by Demonstration: When Simulated Students help Cognitive Modeling and Educational Studies","funder_award_id":"0537198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1502969653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1502969653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539702341","https://openalex.org/W1548802052","https://openalex.org/W1550193283","https://openalex.org/W1593648993","https://openalex.org/W2034557561","https://openalex.org/W2059334100","https://openalex.org/W2099741732","https://openalex.org/W2151226328","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2402939792","https://openalex.org/W3133236490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963132284","https://openalex.org/W2151226328","https://openalex.org/W2970183458","https://openalex.org/W7098183546","https://openalex.org/W1550193283","https://openalex.org/W7095192716","https://openalex.org/W7065977952","https://openalex.org/W1548818142","https://openalex.org/W7134046516","https://openalex.org/W4414943273"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,67],"generalize":[1],"Shimizu":[2],"et":[3],"al's":[4],"(2006)":[5],"ICA-based":[6],"approach":[7],"for":[8],"discovering":[9],"linear":[10,42],"non-Gaussian":[11,43],"acyclic":[12],"(LiNGAM)":[13],"Structural":[14],"Equation":[15],"Models":[16],"(SEMs)":[17],"from":[18],"causally":[19],"sufficient,":[20],"continuous-valued":[21],"observational":[22],"data.":[23,75],"By":[24],"relaxing":[25],"the":[26,29,37,51,59,64,86,89],"assumption":[27],"that":[28],"generating":[30],"SEM's":[31],"graph":[32],"is":[33,92],"acyclic,":[34],"we":[35,77],"solve":[36],"more":[38],"general":[39],"problem":[40],"of":[41,55,85],"(LiNG)":[44],"SEM":[45],"discovery.":[46],"LiNG":[47,70],"discovery":[48,71],"algorithms":[49],"output":[50,90],"distribution":[52],"equivalence":[53],"class":[54,91],"SEMs":[56,87],"which,":[57],"in":[58,88],"large":[60],"sample":[61],"limit,":[62],"represents":[63],"population":[65],"distribution.":[66],"apply":[68],"a":[69],"algorithm":[72],"to":[73],"simulated":[74],"Finally,":[76],"give":[78],"sufficient":[79],"conditions":[80],"under":[81],"which":[82],"only":[83],"one":[84],"'stable'.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
