{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1500705337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","title":"Numerical simulation of water flow in three dimensional heterogeneous porous media observed in a magnetic resonance imaging experiment","display_name":"Numerical simulation of water flow in three dimensional heterogeneous porous media observed in a magnetic resonance imaging experiment","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1500705337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","mag":"1500705337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2007wr006213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089401974","display_name":"Hongkyu Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-280X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-280X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkyu Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103130385","display_name":"Changyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-627X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-627X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040798226","display_name":"Charles J. Werth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-5523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-5523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles J. Werth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052801957","display_name":"Albert J. Valocchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-1712","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-1712"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert J. Valocchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084753587","display_name":"ANDREW G. WEBB","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-9732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4045-9732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88471356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12603","display_name":"NMR spectroscopy and applications","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-flow-in-porous-media","display_name":"water flow in porous media","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-porous-media","display_name":"heterogeneous porous media","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breakthrough-curves","display_name":"breakthrough curves","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-conductivity","display_name":"hydraulic conductivity","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-dispersivity","display_name":"longitudinal dispersivity","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transverse-dispersivity","display_name":"transverse dispersivity","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-dispersion","display_name":"mechanical dispersion","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-diffusion","display_name":"molecular diffusion","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-transport","display_name":"reactive transport","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-scale-flow","display_name":"pore-scale flow","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.5901908874511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5288825035095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105569014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271208","display_name":"Porous medium","level":3,"score":0.5211691856384277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24872484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126818","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","level":2,"score":0.4451269507408142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63184880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783041","display_name":"Hydraulic conductivity","level":3,"score":0.43113481998443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.38322892785072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3496288061141968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34248286485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2958700656890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.26117855310440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2587406039237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.22385936975479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.12318503856658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.10391056537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2007wr006213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170346426","https://openalex.org/W1494362629","https://openalex.org/W1531221340","https://openalex.org/W1543951231","https://openalex.org/W1880912562","https://openalex.org/W1967209259","https://openalex.org/W1973533118","https://openalex.org/W1976077978","https://openalex.org/W1985163442","https://openalex.org/W1991258564","https://openalex.org/W1992024617","https://openalex.org/W1992547929","https://openalex.org/W1994559928","https://openalex.org/W2000569487","https://openalex.org/W2012198019","https://openalex.org/W2021910025","https://openalex.org/W2031729427","https://openalex.org/W2031764280","https://openalex.org/W2040472461","https://openalex.org/W2050148511","https://openalex.org/W2052603374","https://openalex.org/W2057713957","https://openalex.org/W2061126208","https://openalex.org/W2068610606","https://openalex.org/W2069214270","https://openalex.org/W2070202673","https://openalex.org/W2074390343","https://openalex.org/W2077106134","https://openalex.org/W2077783684","https://openalex.org/W2080845106","https://openalex.org/W2082824715","https://openalex.org/W2088457962","https://openalex.org/W2088807849","https://openalex.org/W2089694514","https://openalex.org/W2096981493","https://openalex.org/W2109843552","https://openalex.org/W2127662364","https://openalex.org/W2135752701","https://openalex.org/W2136750680","https://openalex.org/W2758773773","https://openalex.org/W2891163915","https://openalex.org/W2990808887","https://openalex.org/W4214680584","https://openalex.org/W4231893792","https://openalex.org/W4253210064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057713957","https://openalex.org/W3025744445","https://openalex.org/W2022536934","https://openalex.org/W2036352477","https://openalex.org/W2551765299","https://openalex.org/W2011686416","https://openalex.org/W1999690998","https://openalex.org/W1976609234","https://openalex.org/W2089698156","https://openalex.org/W2077112019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"resonance":[1],"imaging":[2],"(MRI)":[3],"was":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,237,264,292],"obtain":[7],"sequential":[8],"images":[9],"of":[10,34,41,108,139,148,165,200,222,248],"water":[11,286,324],"(i.e.,":[12,188],"1H)":[13],"doped":[14],"with":[15,28,97,150],"a":[16,23,29,151],"paramagnetic":[17],"tracer":[18],"as":[19],"it":[20],"flowed":[21],"through":[22],"three\u2010dimensional":[24],"(3D)":[25],"flowcell":[26,83,181,224],"packed":[27],"spatially":[30],"correlated":[31],"heterogeneous":[32],"distribution":[33],"1":[35,77,79,189,191],"cm3":[36],"blocks,":[37],"each":[38,59,107,138],"containing":[39],"one":[40],"five":[42,110],"different":[43],"sand":[44,111],"fractions.":[45],"Tracer":[46],"concentration":[47],"breakthrough":[48],"curves":[49],"(BTCs)":[50],"were":[51,70,113,144],"obtained":[52],"from":[53,215],"MRI":[54],"signal":[55],"intensity":[56],"profiles":[57],"at":[58,86,137,185,217,288],"voxel":[60],"(0.1875":[61],"\u00d7":[62,64,74,78,190,195],"0.1875":[63],"0.225":[65],"cm3).":[66],"Voxel":[67],"scale":[68],"BTCs":[69,171,176,184,216],"averaged":[71,177],"over":[72,178],"0.25":[73,75,87,194,196],"cm2,":[76,80],"and":[81,95,103,115,125,129,134,158,183,193,243,251,270,317],"entire":[82,180],"cross\u2010sections,":[84],"all":[85],"cm":[88],"increments":[89],"along":[90],"the":[91,109,140,163,166,179,201,223,241,300],"main":[92],"flow":[93,202,287],"direction,":[94],"compared":[96],"numerical":[98,244],"simulations.":[99],"Hydraulic":[100],"conductivity":[101,245],"(K)":[102],"dispersivity":[104,160],"values":[105,120,131,147,161],"for":[106,121,309],"types":[112],"varied,":[114],"root\u2010mean":[116],"squared":[117],"error":[118],"(RMSE)":[119],"mean":[122],"arrival":[123],"times":[124],"second":[126],"central":[127],"moments,":[128],"RMSE":[130],"between":[132,240],"simulated":[133,170],"measured":[135,156],"BTCs,":[136],"three":[141],"averaging":[142],"scales":[143,187,219,290],"calculated.":[145],"Measured":[146],"K":[149,208,228,255],"porosity":[152],"5%":[153],"higher":[154],"than":[155],"values,":[157],"longitudinal":[159],"on":[162,278],"order":[164],"grain":[167],"size,":[168],"yielded":[169],"that":[172,258,284],"adequately":[173],"captured":[174],"experimental":[175,242],"cross\u2010section,":[182],"smaller":[186,218],"cm2":[192],"cm2)":[197],"in":[198,220,253,267],"regions":[199,221],"cell":[203],"characterized":[204,225],"by":[205,226,323],"more":[206,214],"uniform":[207],"fields.":[209,246],"However,":[210],"model":[211],"simulations":[212],"deviated":[213],"greater":[227],"contrast,":[229],"where":[230,313],"flow\u2010bypassing":[231],"occurred.":[232],"This":[233,304],"may":[234,305],"be":[235,320],"due":[236],"small":[238],"discrepancies":[239],"Comparison":[247],"mechanical":[249,265],"dispersion":[250,266,272],"diffusion":[252,260],"low":[254],"zones":[256,269],"indicates":[257],"molecular":[259],"is":[261,295],"equally":[262],"important":[263],"these":[268],"transverse":[271],"did":[273],"not":[274],"have":[275,306],"much":[276],"effect":[277],"improving":[279],"prediction.":[280],"These":[281],"results":[282],"illustrate":[283],"predicting":[285],"fine":[289],"(relative":[291],"permeability":[293],"variations)":[294],"very":[296],"challenging,":[297],"even":[298],"under":[299],"most":[301],"controlled":[302],"conditions.":[303],"large":[307],"implications":[308],"modeling":[310],"reactive":[311],"transport,":[312],"reactant":[314],"residence":[315],"time":[316],"mixing":[318],"can":[319],"greatly":[321],"impacted":[322],"flowpaths.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
