{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1500475439","doi":null,"title":"A two-dimensional measure of polarization","display_name":"A two-dimensional measure of polarization","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1500475439","mag":"1500475439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fpr:ifprid:837","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00837.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00837.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568/161283","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068923353","display_name":"Tewodaj Mogues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-8445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-8445"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tewodaj Mogues","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-8445","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068923353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-polarization","display_name":"socioeconomic polarization","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization-measures","display_name":"polarization measures","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-conflict","display_name":"social conflict","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-color","display_name":"skin color","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiomatization","display_name":"axiomatization","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7348797917366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.7074038982391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171773132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2519156","display_name":"Alienation","level":2,"score":0.6849205493927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5304588079452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.506499171257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5029699206352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.49691179394721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.42693373560905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3927156925201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549774020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851147","display_name":"Welfare economics","level":1,"score":0.32785260677337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27511394023895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2714921236038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19311395287513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1683068871498108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15225869417190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13683786988258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10146161913871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.09424030780792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fpr:ifprid:837","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00837.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00837.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:1500475439","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:fpr:ifprid:837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org:p15738coll2/14968","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/publication/two-dimensional-measure-polarization","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400226","display_name":"IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","host_organization_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Discussion paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cgspace.cgiar.org:10568/161283","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568/161283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402055","display_name":"CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1286583668","host_organization_name":"CGIAR","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mogues, Tewodaj. 2008. A two-dimensional measure of polarization. IFPRI Discussion Paper 837. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/161283","raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ebrary.ifpri.org:p15738coll2/14968","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ifpri.org/publication/two-dimensional-measure-polarization","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400197","display_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150314799","host_organization_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150314799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Discussion paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cgspace.cgiar.org:10568/161283","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568/161283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402055","display_name":"CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1286583668","host_organization_name":"CGIAR","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mogues, Tewodaj. 2008. A two-dimensional measure of polarization. IFPRI Discussion Paper 837. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/161283","raw_type":"Working Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480839928","https://openalex.org/W1482244041","https://openalex.org/W1492068353","https://openalex.org/W1507583287","https://openalex.org/W1508942962","https://openalex.org/W1523988028","https://openalex.org/W1538921383","https://openalex.org/W1540698173","https://openalex.org/W1560978583","https://openalex.org/W1561029758","https://openalex.org/W1562533830","https://openalex.org/W1563308580","https://openalex.org/W1564367832","https://openalex.org/W1571471301","https://openalex.org/W1574939972","https://openalex.org/W1595230632","https://openalex.org/W1606964474","https://openalex.org/W1835343572","https://openalex.org/W1883239598","https://openalex.org/W1885066358","https://openalex.org/W1910177458","https://openalex.org/W1975376119","https://openalex.org/W1978011186","https://openalex.org/W1989605529","https://openalex.org/W1992555960","https://openalex.org/W2019368190","https://openalex.org/W2022585585","https://openalex.org/W2023384923","https://openalex.org/W2025468491","https://openalex.org/W2044739107","https://openalex.org/W2045671456","https://openalex.org/W2057678775","https://openalex.org/W2060830845","https://openalex.org/W2068969959","https://openalex.org/W2071652694","https://openalex.org/W2093860258","https://openalex.org/W2095899773","https://openalex.org/W2098231884","https://openalex.org/W2105250815","https://openalex.org/W2111205861","https://openalex.org/W2118961575","https://openalex.org/W2137695232","https://openalex.org/W2137893345","https://openalex.org/W2147281505","https://openalex.org/W2166393341","https://openalex.org/W2167349390","https://openalex.org/W2168084472","https://openalex.org/W2170918718","https://openalex.org/W2318854472","https://openalex.org/W2323922183","https://openalex.org/W2324440273","https://openalex.org/W2334656281","https://openalex.org/W2775274082","https://openalex.org/W2885798928","https://openalex.org/W2891894567","https://openalex.org/W2955489963","https://openalex.org/W2992026066","https://openalex.org/W3123094392","https://openalex.org/W3123691732","https://openalex.org/W3187436700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2747455940","https://openalex.org/W2136808590","https://openalex.org/W2797613920","https://openalex.org/W2126835040","https://openalex.org/W1521624368","https://openalex.org/W2160355476","https://openalex.org/W2183037102","https://openalex.org/W6986534132","https://openalex.org/W1522678511","https://openalex.org/W4248066667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,111],"link":[1,12],"between":[2,178,184],"economic":[3,97,228],"distribution":[4,91],"and":[5,24,65,80,101,151,181,223,227],"social":[6,106,207,226],"conflict\u2014and":[7],"the":[8,90,122,139,155,158,166,172,179,185,192,206],"notion":[9],"that":[10,63,86,120,127,146,204],"this":[11],"arises":[13],"from":[14,29,42],"individuals\u2019":[15],"sense":[16],"of":[17,27,84,89,92,117,124,135,144,165,171],"identification":[18,64,222],"with":[19,31,46,105,213],"those":[20],"similar":[21],"to":[22,141,219],"them":[23],"their":[25],"feelings":[26],"alienation":[28,66,224],"individuals":[30],"different":[32],"characteristics\u2014has":[33],"spurred":[34],"a":[35,39,82,132,142,163,201],"literature":[36],"on":[37,53],"polarization,":[38,198],"concept":[40],"distinct":[41],"inequality.":[43],"This":[44,73],"literature,":[45],"few":[47],"exceptions,":[48],"has":[49],"nearly":[50],"exclusively":[51],"focused":[52],"polarization":[54,85,202],"along":[55,70,94],"one":[56],"(i.e.,":[57],"economic)":[58],"dimension,":[59],"despite":[60],"ample":[61],"evidence":[62],"are":[67],"often":[68],"formulated":[69],"noneconomic":[71],"attributes.":[72],"paper":[74],"extends":[75],"previous":[76],"work":[77],"by":[78],"presenting":[79],"discussing":[81],"measure":[83,112,140,156,203],"allows":[87],"analysis":[88],"society":[93],"two":[95,186],"dimensions\u2014an":[96],"variable":[98,104],"(e.g.,":[99,108],"income)":[100],"an":[102],"immutable":[103],"significance":[107],"skin":[109],"color).":[110],"is":[113],"discussed":[114],"in":[115,225],"light":[116],"four":[118,159],"axioms":[119],"specify":[121],"types":[123],"distributional":[125],"changes":[126],"should":[128],"reasonably":[129],"translate":[130],"into":[131],"higher":[133,182],"degree":[134],"socioeconomic":[136],"polarization.":[137],"Applying":[138],"family":[143],"functions":[145],"can":[147],"represent":[148],"both":[149,221],"unimodal":[150],"bimodal":[152],"population":[153,173],"distributions,":[154],"satisfies":[157],"axioms\u2014briefly":[160],"summarized":[161],"as":[162,209],"shrinking":[164],"middle":[167],"class,":[168],"greater":[169,176],"concentration":[170],"around":[174],"poles,":[175,180],"distance":[177],"correlation":[183],"variables\u2014under":[187],"certain":[188],"parametric":[189],"restrictions.":[190],"Unlike":[191],"existing":[193],"studies,":[194],"which":[195],"explore":[196],"multidimensional":[197],"we":[199],"propose":[200],"treats":[205],"attribute":[208],"continuous":[210],"(and":[211],"hence":[212],"ordinal":[214],"properties),":[215],"thus":[216],"being":[217],"able":[218],"capture":[220],"terms.":[229],"\"":[230],"--from":[231],"authors'":[232],"abstract":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}