{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1496448719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","title":"Causal Models in the Acquisition and Instruction of Programming Skills","display_name":"Causal Models in the Acquisition and Instruction of Programming Skills","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1496448719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","mag":"1496448719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21236/ada242899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"US Dept of the Army","raw_type":"report"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1496448719"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062312588","display_name":"Brian J. Reiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-0385","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-0385"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian J. Reiser","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062312588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.6182000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.6182000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.36910000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-systems","display_name":"intelligent tutoring systems","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-representation","display_name":"graphical representation","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-tutors","display_name":"human tutors","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lisp","display_name":"LISP","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5872435569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.47976192831993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4135948717594147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32633745670318604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21236/ada242899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.21236/ada242899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"US Dept of the Army","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:ADA242899","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA242899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:ADA248761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&amp;verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA248761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45491963","https://openalex.org/W48350608","https://openalex.org/W69470806","https://openalex.org/W134713021","https://openalex.org/W600881208","https://openalex.org/W619563084","https://openalex.org/W621341096","https://openalex.org/W1488133941","https://openalex.org/W1501606239","https://openalex.org/W1508049226","https://openalex.org/W1528314975","https://openalex.org/W1550902376","https://openalex.org/W1593414871","https://openalex.org/W1600041364","https://openalex.org/W1614951952","https://openalex.org/W1690963130","https://openalex.org/W1708874574","https://openalex.org/W1752512628","https://openalex.org/W1815090327","https://openalex.org/W1981511982","https://openalex.org/W1983352506","https://openalex.org/W1984529325","https://openalex.org/W1990100773","https://openalex.org/W2012546969","https://openalex.org/W2016288462","https://openalex.org/W2016772462","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2016900109","https://openalex.org/W2028691633","https://openalex.org/W2039113359","https://openalex.org/W2078541042","https://openalex.org/W2088160296","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2093667796","https://openalex.org/W2115003153","https://openalex.org/W2117076205","https://openalex.org/W2117893396","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2158692302","https://openalex.org/W2171054741","https://openalex.org/W2172010324","https://openalex.org/W2341017013","https://openalex.org/W2489865376","https://openalex.org/W2549755291","https://openalex.org/W2912944677","https://openalex.org/W2914345522","https://openalex.org/W3161548993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528314975","https://openalex.org/W2115003153","https://openalex.org/W2048923076","https://openalex.org/W1966645603","https://openalex.org/W257700088","https://openalex.org/W109209559","https://openalex.org/W4206751329","https://openalex.org/W134713021","https://openalex.org/W3137125456","https://openalex.org/W2039113359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"report":[1],"summarizes":[2],"progress":[3],"made":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,16,30,37,40,49,60,66],"Graphical":[7,17],"Instruction":[8],"in":[9,44,46,54,70],"LISP":[10,18],"(GIL)":[11],"intelligent":[12],"tutoring":[13],"system":[14,23],"and":[15,36],"Exploratory":[19],"Environment":[20],"(GLEE)":[21],"discovery":[22],"for":[24,65],"instructing":[25],"programming":[26],"skills.":[27],"We":[28,57],"describe":[29,59],"status":[31],"of":[32,42,51,68,77],"these":[33],"computer":[34],"systems":[35],"experiments":[38],"investigating":[39],"role":[41],"explanations":[43],"learning,":[45],"addition":[47],"to":[48],"use":[50],"graphical":[52],"representations":[53],"problem":[55,62],"solving.":[56],"also":[58],"BATBook":[61],"solving":[63],"environment":[64],"study":[67],"analogies":[69],"programming,":[71],"as":[72,74],"well":[73],"our":[75],"studies":[76],"effective":[78],"human":[79],"tutors.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
