{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1496310951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","title":"Rulemaking vs. Democracy: Judging and Nudging Public Participation That Counts","display_name":"Rulemaking vs. Democracy: Judging and Nudging Public Participation That Counts","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1496310951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","mag":"1496310951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mjeal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195044","display_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law","issn_l":"2375-6276","issn":["2375-6276","2375-6284"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental &amp; Administrative Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mjeal","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063744764","display_name":"Cynthia R. Farina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3732-9032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3732-9032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Farina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","Cornell Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022844667","display_name":"Mary Newhart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Newhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","Cornell Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071107363","display_name":"Josiah Heidt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josiah Heidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","Cornell Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell eRulemaking Initiative","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.3222,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98951494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"2.1","first_page":"123","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.8593999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.8593999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12986","display_name":"Administrative Law and Governance","score":0.09070000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-participation","display_name":"citizen participation","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rulemaking","display_name":"rulemaking","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-rulemaking","display_name":"e-rulemaking","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advocacy-organizations","display_name":"advocacy organizations","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberative-democracy","display_name":"deliberative democracy","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-preferences","display_name":"value preferences","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-formation","display_name":"preference formation","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-government","display_name":"open government","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-2-0","display_name":"Web 2.0","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781019588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479254","display_name":"Rulemaking","level":2,"score":0.9596033096313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6480573415756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6458092927932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6393499970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.5381461381912231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5260253548622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.517257034778595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.45850804448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.45242393016815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777221391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720829","display_name":"Open government","level":3,"score":0.44639432430267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779498785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330222","display_name":"Public value","level":2,"score":0.4359632134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.43401074409484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3015795648097992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2576062083244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780535194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309901","display_name":"Open data","level":2,"score":0.1393597424030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10061359405517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09132707118988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07726222276687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mjeal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195044","display_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law","issn_l":"2375-6276","issn":["2375-6276","2375-6284"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental &amp; Administrative Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.cornell.edu:ceri-1011","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ceri/12","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ceri/12","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402381","display_name":"Scholarship @ Cornell Law (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cornell e-Rulemaking Initiative Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.cornell.edu:ceri-1016","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ceri/17","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ceri/17","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402381","display_name":"Scholarship @ Cornell Law (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cornell e-Rulemaking Initiative Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.law.umich.edu:mjeal-1009","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol2/iss1/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental &amp; Administrative Law","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1496310951","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2054750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.1.rulemaking","pdf_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=mjeal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195044","display_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law","issn_l":"2375-6276","issn":["2375-6276","2375-6284"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of Environmental &amp; Administrative Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7632939821","display_name":"Computational Facilitation of Online Deliberation in Complex Policymaking.","funder_award_id":"1111176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1496310951.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1496310951.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1891046924","https://openalex.org/W2048991935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W157173984","https://openalex.org/W7100025637","https://openalex.org/W7095635766","https://openalex.org/W2463659790","https://openalex.org/W7070859192","https://openalex.org/W2589771025","https://openalex.org/W805252226","https://openalex.org/W2796893278","https://openalex.org/W2740475746","https://openalex.org/W7023099015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,283],"Article":[1],"considers":[2],"how":[3],"open":[4,59],"government":[5,60,71,387],"\u201cmagical":[6],"thinking\u201d":[7],"around":[8],"technology":[9,76],"has":[10,103,332],"infused":[11],"efforts":[12],"to":[13,69,77,82,92,136,145,311,361],"increase":[14],"public":[15,65,85,298,319,392],"participation":[16,30,66,229,320,330,393],"in":[17,47,84,183,216,256,334],"rulemaking.":[18],"We":[19,208,367],"propose":[20],"a":[21,210,244,304,356,385],"framework":[22],"for":[23,159,263,272,373],"assessing":[24],"the":[25,48,109,117,123,164,179,238,287,292,327,335,378],"value":[26,180,189,281,333],"of":[27,35,58,125,178,221,234,240,248,253,300,329,347,381],"technology-enabled":[28,100],"rulemaking":[29,101,167,187,241,276,312],"and":[31,44,141,168,219,291,313,358,364],"offer":[32,368],"specific":[33,370],"principles":[34,372],"participation-system":[36],"design,":[37],"which":[38,228,382],"are":[39,205,268],"based":[40,230],"on":[41,231,340],"conceptual":[42],"work":[43],"practical":[45],"experience":[46,96],"Regulation":[49,341],"Room":[50],"project":[51],"at":[52],"Cornell":[53],"University.":[54],"An":[55],"underlying":[56],"assumption":[57],"enthusiasts":[61],"is":[62,236,277,303,321,326,383],"that":[63,111,173,197,212,296,331,345,384,394],"more":[64,297,318],"will":[67,88],"lead":[68],"better":[70],"policymaking:":[72],"If":[73],"we":[74,195,343],"use":[75,89],"give":[78],"people":[79],"easier":[80],"opportunities":[81,91],"participate":[83,93],"policymaking,":[86],"they":[87,267],"these":[90,106],"effectively.":[94],"However,":[95],"thus":[97],"far":[98],"with":[99,116,280,309],"(e-rulemaking)":[102],"not":[104,198,269,389,397],"confirmed":[105],"assumptions.":[107],"To":[108],"extent":[110],"new":[112,138],"participants":[113],"have":[114],"engaged":[115],"process,":[118],"their":[119],"engagement":[120,352],"predominantly":[121],"takes":[122],"form":[124],"mass":[126,147,257],"comment":[127],"campaigns":[128],"orchestrated":[129],"by":[130],"advocacy":[131],"groups.":[132],"The":[133,251],"conventional":[134],"response":[135],"this":[137,161,192,375],"participation\u2014by":[139],"agencies":[140,174],"academics":[142],"alike\u2014has":[143],"been":[144],"regard":[146],"commenting":[148],"as":[149],"worse":[150],"than":[151],"useless.":[152],"Recently,":[153],"though,":[154],"Professor":[155],"Nina":[156],"Mendelson":[157],"argued":[158],"rethinking":[160],"response.":[162],"Exploring":[163],"relationship":[165],"between":[166],"democratic":[169,386],"government,":[170],"she":[171],"proposes":[172],"should":[175,388],"take":[176],"account":[177],"preferences":[181,201,254],"expressed":[182,255],"such":[184],"comments":[185,258],"when":[186,275],"involves":[188],"judgments.":[190],"Engaging":[191],"important":[193,214,380],"argument,":[194],"suggest":[196],"all":[199],"citizens\u2019":[200],"about":[202],"policy":[203],"outcomes":[204],"created":[206],"equal.":[207],"present":[209],"typology":[211],"captures":[213],"differences":[215],"information":[217],"quality":[218],"deliberativeness":[220],"preference":[222,235],"formation.":[223],"Unlike":[224],"electoral":[225,264],"democracy":[226],"(in":[227],"any":[232,301],"type":[233],"valued),":[237],"legitimacy":[239],"derives":[242],"from":[243],"formally":[245],"transparent":[246],"process":[247],"reasoned":[249],"deliberation.":[250],"types":[252],"may":[259],"be":[260],"good":[261,270,305,322],"enough":[262,271],"democracy,":[265],"but":[266],"rulemaking,":[273],"even":[274],"heavily":[278],"laden":[279],"choices.":[282],"position":[284],"challenges":[285],"both":[286],"Web":[288],"2.0":[289],"ethos":[290],"common":[293],"open-government":[294],"belief":[295],"participation,":[299],"kind,":[302],"thing.":[306],"At":[307],"least":[308],"respect":[310],"similar":[314],"complex":[315],"policymaking":[316],"processes,":[317],"only":[323],"if":[324],"it":[325,395],"kind":[328],"process.":[336],"From":[337],"our":[338],"experiences":[339],"Room,":[342],"argue":[344],"design":[346,371],"successful":[348],"\u201cRulemaking":[349],"2.0\u201d":[350],"civic":[351],"systems":[353],"must":[354],"involve":[355],"purposeful":[357],"continuous":[359],"effort":[360],"balance":[362],"\u201cmore\u201d":[363],"\u201cbetter\u201d":[365],"participation.":[366],"several":[369],"striking":[374],"balance,":[376],"perhaps":[377],"most":[379],"actively":[390],"facilitate":[391],"does":[396],"value.":[398]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
