{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1495896746","doi":null,"title":"Corruption risk factors : an analysis of public procurement in Nigeria","display_name":"Corruption risk factors : an analysis of public procurement in Nigeria","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1495896746","mag":"1495896746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:14787","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/14787/1/unite-ekwo.grace_dba.pdf","pdf_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/14787/1/unite-ekwo.grace_dba.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054310427","display_name":"Grace Ekwo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grace Ekwo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054310427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12779","display_name":"Public Procurement and Policy","score":0.6187000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12779","display_name":"Public Procurement and Policy","score":0.6187000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.3732999861240387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11257","display_name":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-procurement","display_name":"public procurement","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption-risk-factors","display_name":"corruption risk factors","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement-officers","display_name":"procurement officers","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretionary-power","display_name":"discretionary power","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greed","display_name":"greed","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/checks-and-balances","display_name":"checks and balances","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption-perceptions-index","display_name":"Corruption Perceptions Index","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misuse-of-public-funds","display_name":"misuse of public funds","score":0.7540000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.7221505641937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7098626494407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.7061769962310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780858551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3824105","display_name":"Misappropriation","level":2,"score":0.6579248905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6027390956878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780208563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5173053","display_name":"Corrupt practices","level":3,"score":0.5513486862182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.44026806950569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.43320319056510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.37519124150276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.262426495552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.24242958426475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21844738721847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.18612122535705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.14966446161270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08227711915969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:14787","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/14787/1/unite-ekwo.grace_dba.pdf","pdf_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/14787/1/unite-ekwo.grace_dba.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:1495896746","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/14787/1/unite%2Dekwo.grace_dba.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":263,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27265081","https://openalex.org/W30950243","https://openalex.org/W45092027","https://openalex.org/W74064327","https://openalex.org/W74556762","https://openalex.org/W83509755","https://openalex.org/W83569583","https://openalex.org/W110108132","https://openalex.org/W131471883","https://openalex.org/W161795411","https://openalex.org/W177234193","https://openalex.org/W186362352","https://openalex.org/W200537713","https://openalex.org/W204309340","https://openalex.org/W273689775","https://openalex.org/W274453159","https://openalex.org/W302220211","https://openalex.org/W329582088","https://openalex.org/W356016120","https://openalex.org/W560924424","https://openalex.org/W570652503","https://openalex.org/W586037618","https://openalex.org/W607032178","https://openalex.org/W610533897","https://openalex.org/W610753918","https://openalex.org/W631432372","https://openalex.org/W631535693","https://openalex.org/W648803077","https://openalex.org/W1481115499","https://openalex.org/W1483628243","https://openalex.org/W1486367002","https://openalex.org/W1487673887","https://openalex.org/W1496698723","https://openalex.org/W1501172405","https://openalex.org/W1504601302","https://openalex.org/W1504786483","https://openalex.org/W1506150625","https://openalex.org/W1506280427","https://openalex.org/W1506993277","https://openalex.org/W1510426010","https://openalex.org/W1519822157","https://openalex.org/W1525323646","https://openalex.org/W1526859056","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1535863921","https://openalex.org/W1541863831","https://openalex.org/W1550693638","https://openalex.org/W1557459633","https://openalex.org/W1565707451","https://openalex.org/W1568757619","https://openalex.org/W1571751448","https://openalex.org/W1572723253","https://openalex.org/W1575867849","https://openalex.org/W1578238673","https://openalex.org/W1585709543","https://openalex.org/W1589399253","https://openalex.org/W1591235078","https://openalex.org/W1606903651","https://openalex.org/W1608319753","https://openalex.org/W1648883014","https://openalex.org/W1837712755","https://openalex.org/W1839297350","https://openalex.org/W1855826890","https://openalex.org/W1870880476","https://openalex.org/W1914887949","https://openalex.org/W1918530358","https://openalex.org/W1966608560","https://openalex.org/W1968305376","https://openalex.org/W1968305916","https://openalex.org/W1969036542","https://openalex.org/W1969068853","https://openalex.org/W1970394590","https://openalex.org/W1973928622","https://openalex.org/W1974082037","https://openalex.org/W1974678928","https://openalex.org/W1976801598","https://openalex.org/W1977334056","https://openalex.org/W1977420962","https://openalex.org/W1977750152","https://openalex.org/W1980193916","https://openalex.org/W1982390923","https://openalex.org/W1983277265","https://openalex.org/W1985554918","https://openalex.org/W1985875710","https://openalex.org/W1987064751","https://openalex.org/W1987961056","https://openalex.org/W1989467619","https://openalex.org/W1990202079","https://openalex.org/W1990765877","https://openalex.org/W1991219110","https://openalex.org/W1991442393","https://openalex.org/W1991473706","https://openalex.org/W1993288857","https://openalex.org/W1995144069","https://openalex.org/W1997783090","https://openalex.org/W1997821869","https://openalex.org/W1998889621","https://openalex.org/W1998953677","https://openalex.org/W1999735602","https://openalex.org/W1999903722","https://openalex.org/W2000129962","https://openalex.org/W2000356972","https://openalex.org/W2002325729","https://openalex.org/W2009636169","https://openalex.org/W2009783110","https://openalex.org/W2011638078","https://openalex.org/W2012154794","https://openalex.org/W2012899096","https://openalex.org/W2013256105","https://openalex.org/W2014788561","https://openalex.org/W2016521544","https://openalex.org/W2021510481","https://openalex.org/W2023443734","https://openalex.org/W2025175621","https://openalex.org/W2025426606","https://openalex.org/W2026716341","https://openalex.org/W2027165430","https://openalex.org/W2029639220","https://openalex.org/W2033385857","https://openalex.org/W2035936546","https://openalex.org/W2036515633","https://openalex.org/W2037499269","https://openalex.org/W2037689386","https://openalex.org/W2038248671","https://openalex.org/W2042894828","https://openalex.org/W2045967401","https://openalex.org/W2047547657","https://openalex.org/W2048404238","https://openalex.org/W2048528394","https://openalex.org/W2048672025","https://openalex.org/W2052769750","https://openalex.org/W2056330418","https://openalex.org/W2058397104","https://openalex.org/W2059626529","https://openalex.org/W2062110409","https://openalex.org/W2063143131","https://openalex.org/W2063599303","https://openalex.org/W2064679638","https://openalex.org/W2067333598","https://openalex.org/W2070277014","https://openalex.org/W2070774954","https://openalex.org/W2070920937","https://openalex.org/W2071032742","https://openalex.org/W2075147642","https://openalex.org/W2077982525","https://openalex.org/W2078606810","https://openalex.org/W2079100939","https://openalex.org/W2079905272","https://openalex.org/W2080382192","https://openalex.org/W2080893858","https://openalex.org/W2082222678","https://openalex.org/W2084101492","https://openalex.org/W2086973809","https://openalex.org/W2087078516","https://openalex.org/W2090749674","https://openalex.org/W2091278137","https://openalex.org/W2092749213","https://openalex.org/W2093723046","https://openalex.org/W2096788242","https://openalex.org/W2099624752","https://openalex.org/W2100242223","https://openalex.org/W2101394591","https://openalex.org/W2103575235","https://openalex.org/W2106866736","https://openalex.org/W2107473954","https://openalex.org/W2107592916","https://openalex.org/W2108055242","https://openalex.org/W2108428433","https://openalex.org/W2109173921","https://openalex.org/W2112128705","https://openalex.org/W2113583180","https://openalex.org/W2115192171","https://openalex.org/W2116187596","https://openalex.org/W2116539106","https://openalex.org/W2121200741","https://openalex.org/W2121498968","https://openalex.org/W2122838852","https://openalex.org/W2123148076","https://openalex.org/W2123802808","https://openalex.org/W2123876181","https://openalex.org/W2127404892","https://openalex.org/W2131942014","https://openalex.org/W2134947891","https://openalex.org/W2136087370","https://openalex.org/W2136739561","https://openalex.org/W2137240809","https://openalex.org/W2137687212","https://openalex.org/W2138071597","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2142252897","https://openalex.org/W2146475189","https://openalex.org/W2148967252","https://openalex.org/W2150104072","https://openalex.org/W2150495738","https://openalex.org/W2150685939","https://openalex.org/W2151952338","https://openalex.org/W2152011747","https://openalex.org/W2158178950","https://openalex.org/W2161765923","https://openalex.org/W2162649760","https://openalex.org/W2162679217","https://openalex.org/W2162713456","https://openalex.org/W2163805184","https://openalex.org/W2164531294","https://openalex.org/W2165935007","https://openalex.org/W2167246238","https://openalex.org/W2167901427","https://openalex.org/W2167928095","https://openalex.org/W2168506705","https://openalex.org/W2169071913","https://openalex.org/W2169154847","https://openalex.org/W2169603190","https://openalex.org/W2169814545","https://openalex.org/W2181898131","https://openalex.org/W2182203018","https://openalex.org/W2184117199","https://openalex.org/W2186436793","https://openalex.org/W2187883273","https://openalex.org/W2188552735","https://openalex.org/W2191351003","https://openalex.org/W2202606105","https://openalex.org/W2235382478","https://openalex.org/W2253917493","https://openalex.org/W2254917582","https://openalex.org/W2255721989","https://openalex.org/W2259590353","https://openalex.org/W2287869673","https://openalex.org/W2291665512","https://openalex.org/W2298445857","https://openalex.org/W2315348284","https://openalex.org/W2321997300","https://openalex.org/W2328327935","https://openalex.org/W2330249940","https://openalex.org/W2332433940","https://openalex.org/W2351327431","https://openalex.org/W2360612784","https://openalex.org/W2473396710","https://openalex.org/W2477331533","https://openalex.org/W2505421168","https://openalex.org/W2582377764","https://openalex.org/W2609957357","https://openalex.org/W2733965350","https://openalex.org/W2769842787","https://openalex.org/W2797864405","https://openalex.org/W2890333200","https://openalex.org/W2898959045","https://openalex.org/W2949791006","https://openalex.org/W2950680031","https://openalex.org/W2966816487","https://openalex.org/W3023420463","https://openalex.org/W3023858863","https://openalex.org/W3121539042","https://openalex.org/W3121834436","https://openalex.org/W3122136163","https://openalex.org/W3122345443","https://openalex.org/W3122744548","https://openalex.org/W3122979178","https://openalex.org/W3124061076","https://openalex.org/W3124527686","https://openalex.org/W3125520050","https://openalex.org/W3125755007","https://openalex.org/W3166780116","https://openalex.org/W4299163009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111349825","https://openalex.org/W4323925146","https://openalex.org/W2744503091","https://openalex.org/W7169883468","https://openalex.org/W6980760527","https://openalex.org/W7018046947","https://openalex.org/W4399170325","https://openalex.org/W7160242595","https://openalex.org/W3172810633","https://openalex.org/W3083043693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nigeria":[0,77,117,173,313,333],"has":[1,29,46,78],"consistently":[2],"ranked":[3],"6th":[4],"amongst":[5],"oil-producing":[6],"nations":[7],"of":[8,19,35,38,52,56,63,87,112,136,169,190,226,233,265,272,278,296,299,329],"the":[9,13,17,23,27,41,95,121,132,141,157,167,186,191,199,224,244,259,276,288,297,300,306,327],"world":[10],"but":[11],"despite":[12],"enormous":[14],"revenues":[15],"from":[16,243,258],"sale":[18],"petroleum":[20],"resources":[21],"in":[22,33,76,116,172,198,218,223,229,287,312,316,332],"past":[24],"five":[25],"decades,":[26],"country":[28],"made":[30,196],"little":[31],"advance":[32],"terms":[34],"infrastructure,":[36],"quality":[37],"life":[39],"and":[40,107,127,174,268,338],"human":[42],"development":[43],"index.":[44],"This":[45],"been":[47,66,80,161],"attributed":[48],"to":[49,147,202,216,220,249,302,334],"endemic":[50],"levels":[51],"\\ncorruption":[53],"through":[54],"misappropriation":[55,86],"public":[57,69,73,88,113,122,170,227,289,309,330],"funds":[58,89],"for":[59,90,103,326],"private":[60,91],"use,":[61],"most":[62],"which":[64,84,319],"have":[65,159,195],"associated":[67,81,119],"with":[68,82,120],"procurement.":[70],"\\n":[71,163,256],"\\nThe":[72],"procurement":[74,123,171,228,273,290,331],"process":[75,200,225,301],"long":[79],"corruption":[83,115,133,197,286,311,322],"involves":[85],"use.":[92],"For":[93],"example,":[94],"Transparency":[96],"International":[97],"(TI)":[98],"Corruption":[99],"Perception":[100],"Index":[101],"reports":[102],"2009,":[104],"2010,":[105],"2011":[106],"2012":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110,151,193,212],"much":[111],"sector":[114],"is":[118,209,314],"process.":[124],"Between":[125],"2010":[126],"2012,":[128],"Nigeria\u2019s":[129],"position":[130],"on":[131],"perception":[134],"index":[135],"183":[137],"countries":[138],"surveyed":[139],"by":[140,144],"TI,":[142],"declined":[143],"9":[145],"places":[146],"143,":[148],"an":[149,294],"indication":[150],"current":[152],"initiatives":[153],"aimed":[154,204],"at":[155,165,205,252],"solving":[156],"problem":[158],"not":[160],"effective.":[162],"\\nEfforts":[164],"improving":[166],"practice":[168],"developing":[175],"it":[176],"into":[177],"a":[178,317,321],"reputable":[179],"profession":[180],"cannot":[181],"be":[182],"successful":[183],"without":[184],"considering":[185],"more":[187],"fundamental":[188],"question":[189],"factors":[192,284],"may":[194],"resistant":[201],"efforts":[203],"curbing":[206],"it.":[207],"It":[208],"this":[210,213],"gap":[211],"study":[214,261],"hopes":[215],"address":[217],"order":[219],"promote":[221],"transparency":[222,337],"Nigeria.":[230],"A":[231],"total":[232],"20":[234],"semi-structured":[235],"interviews":[236,245],"were":[237,246],"conducted":[238],"across":[239],"four":[240],"organisations.":[241,255],"Findings":[242],"further":[247],"subjected":[248],"verification":[250],"discussions":[251],"two":[253],"other":[254],"\\nDrawing":[257],"case":[260],"analysis;":[262],"greed,":[263],"lack":[264],"inbuilt":[266],"checks":[267],"wide":[269],"discretionary":[270],"powers":[271],"officers":[274],"under":[275],"direction":[277],"management":[279,328],"emerged":[280],"as":[281],"possible":[282],"risk":[283],"motivating":[285],"\\nprocess":[291],"thus":[292],"offering":[293],"explanation":[295],"vulnerability":[298,324],"corruption.":[303],"Building":[304],"upon":[305],"theoretical":[307],"debates,":[308],"procurement-related":[310],"contextualised":[315],"framework":[318],"proposes":[320],"risk-factor":[323],"check-list":[325],"achieve":[335],"verifiable":[336],"accountability.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}