{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1495544737","doi":null,"title":"Breast is best, but for how long? Testing breastfeeding guidelines for optimal cognitive ability","display_name":"Breast is best, but for how long? Testing breastfeeding guidelines for optimal cognitive ability","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1495544737","mag":"1495544737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ucd:wpaper:200821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp200821.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp200821.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Orla Doyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-0140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-0140"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orla Doyle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-0140","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022618698","display_name":"Lori Timmins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-3736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-3736"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lori Timmins","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-3736","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10979","display_name":"Breastfeeding Practices and Influences","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10979","display_name":"Breastfeeding Practices and Influences","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11294","display_name":"Infant Nutrition and Health","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11060","display_name":"Infant Development and Preterm Care","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breastfeeding-duration","display_name":"breastfeeding duration","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusive-breastfeeding","display_name":"exclusive breastfeeding","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-exclusive-breastfeeding","display_name":"non-exclusive breastfeeding","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-development","display_name":"cognitive development","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-readiness","display_name":"school readiness","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breastfeeding-guidelines","display_name":"breastfeeding guidelines","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementary-feeding","display_name":"complementary feeding","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millennium-cohort-study","display_name":"Millennium Cohort Study","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paid-maternity-leave","display_name":"paid maternity leave","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-development-policy","display_name":"child development policy","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174876","display_name":"Breastfeeding","level":2,"score":0.9464744329452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6012261509895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.560689389705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5123149156570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5005793571472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4956914186477661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.4846123158931732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4720761775970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775871700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22728","display_name":"Breast milk","level":2,"score":0.46360740065574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183627027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6858819","display_name":"Millennium Cohort Study (United States)","level":3,"score":0.4611975848674774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140441792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Cognitive development","level":3,"score":0.45965805649757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020294031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174876","display_name":"Breast feeding","level":2,"score":0.4278392791748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3882283568382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33787399530410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.06934070587158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06634777784347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ucd:wpaper:200821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp200821.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp200821.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.ucd.ie:10197/1133","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402280","display_name":"Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","host_organization_name":"University College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"mag:1495544737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1133/1/doyleo_workpap_006.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:http://www.rian.ie/56858/","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400033","display_name":"Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","host_organization_name":"Technological University Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Working paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ucd:wpaper:10197/1133","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.ucd.ie:10197/1133","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402280","display_name":"Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","host_organization_name":"University College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9074000120162964}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331508","display_name":"Royal College of Physicians of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0265sk121"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1495544737.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1495544737.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140716325","https://openalex.org/W404149624","https://openalex.org/W1565086811","https://openalex.org/W1982808180","https://openalex.org/W1985731040","https://openalex.org/W1989654853","https://openalex.org/W2031612551","https://openalex.org/W2043609379","https://openalex.org/W2052771993","https://openalex.org/W2054046501","https://openalex.org/W2065766236","https://openalex.org/W2083230389","https://openalex.org/W2122893714","https://openalex.org/W2141542301","https://openalex.org/W2141597021","https://openalex.org/W2144847456","https://openalex.org/W2151658900","https://openalex.org/W2156885907","https://openalex.org/W2161089645","https://openalex.org/W2175765352","https://openalex.org/W2314625044","https://openalex.org/W2328358291","https://openalex.org/W2596941707","https://openalex.org/W2797583072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976654945","https://openalex.org/W3198632455","https://openalex.org/W4389245823","https://openalex.org/W4281479590","https://openalex.org/W1585227965","https://openalex.org/W7154404769","https://openalex.org/W4400149236","https://openalex.org/W203692764","https://openalex.org/W2054385688","https://openalex.org/W3034422701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objectives.":[0],"To":[1],"investigate":[2],"the":[3,21,75,88,113,130,165,180,187,204,274,278],"relationship":[4,141],"between":[5,77,142],"breastfeeding":[6,29,94,146,158,169,185,212,236],"duration":[7,95],"and":[8,20,34,40,92,109,144,147,217,224,242],"cognitive":[9,58,97,148,197,254,280],"development":[10,123,276],"using":[11],"longitudinal":[12],"survey":[13],"data.":[14],"The":[15,136,199],"World":[16],"Health":[17],"Organisation":[18],"(WHO)":[19],"American":[22],"Academy":[23],"of":[24,37,67,90,104,112,191,221,277,289],"Pediatrics":[25],"(AAP)":[26],"recommend":[27],"exclusive":[28,91,143,157,184,209],"until":[30,173,228],"six":[31,162,215],"months":[32,190],"post-partum":[33],"a":[35,102,139,219,287],"combination":[36,220],"complementary":[38],"foods":[39],"breast":[41,222],"milk":[42,223],"thereafter.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,63,245,284],"estimates":[46],"non-parametric":[47],"regression":[48,84],"models":[49,85,137,200],"to":[50,86,156,167,171,210,266],"test":[51],"whether":[52],"these":[53],"recommendations":[54,237,249],"also":[55,193,201,251],"hold":[56,194],"for":[57,101,186,195,253,273,286],"ability.":[59,149,198,281],"Design.":[60],"Longitudinal":[61],"cohort":[62],"with":[64,164],"two":[65],"waves":[66],"18,":[68],"819":[69],"children":[70],"who":[71],"were":[72],"born":[73],"in":[74],"UK":[76,114,263],"2000-2002.":[78],"We":[79],"estimate":[80],"several":[81],"generalised":[82],"additive":[83],"examine":[87],"impact":[89],"non-exclusive":[93,145,168],"on":[96],"ability,":[98],"while":[99],"controlling":[100],"range":[103,288],"confounding":[105,290],"family":[106,297],"characteristics.":[107],"Setting":[108],"Participants:":[110],"Participants":[111],"Millennium":[115],"Cohort":[116],"Study":[117],"(MCS).":[118],"Main":[119],"outcome":[120],"measures:":[121],"Cognitive":[122],"at":[124,161,214,231],"age":[125],"three":[126],"as":[127],"measured":[128],"by":[129],"Bracken":[131],"School":[132],"Readiness":[133],"Assessment.":[134],"Results.":[135],"identify":[138],"non-linear":[140],"There":[150],"are":[151,250],"high":[152],"initial":[153],"positive":[154],"returns":[155,166],"which":[159,299],"peak":[160],"months,":[163,216],"continuing":[170],"increase":[172],"10/12":[174],"months.":[175,233],"These":[176,256],"results":[177,257],"suggest":[178],"that":[179,203,218,247,261],"WHO/AAP":[181],"guidelines":[182],"recommending":[183],"first":[188],"6":[189],"life":[192],"optimal":[196,205,252],"show":[202],"switching":[206],"point":[207],"from":[208],"nonexclusive":[211],"occurs":[213],"solids":[225],"should":[226],"continue":[227],"thereafter,":[229],"peaking":[230],"10":[232],"Conclusion.":[234],"While":[235,282],"primarily":[238],"target":[239],"physical":[240],"growth":[241],"development,":[243],"our":[244],"confirms":[246],"such":[248],"development.":[255],"provide":[258],"further":[259],"evidence":[260],"recent":[262],"policy":[264],"initiatives":[265],"extend":[267],"paid":[268],"maternity":[269],"leave":[270],"is":[271],"appropriate":[272],"maximal":[275],"child\u2019s":[279],"this":[283,301],"controls":[285],"factors,":[291],"there":[292],"may":[293],"still":[294],"exist":[295],"unobserved":[296],"characteristics":[298],"mediate":[300],"relationship.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}