{"id":"https://openalex.org/W149514693","doi":null,"title":"Small Firm Information Seeking as a Response to Environmental Threats and Opportunities","display_name":"Small Firm Information Seeking as a Response to Environmental Threats and Opportunities","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W149514693","mag":"149514693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:149514693","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-19360490/small-firm-information-seeking-as-a-response-to-environmental","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78792899","display_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","issn_l":"0047-2778","issn":["0047-2778","0447-2778","1540-627X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110825690","display_name":"James R. Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5016-703X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5016-703X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021634249","display_name":"Roger J. Calantone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9038"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger J. Calantone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9038","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075197090","display_name":"Donald E. Gudmundson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Gudmundson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0639,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":153,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97105384,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13204","display_name":"Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13204","display_name":"Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-seeking","display_name":"information seeking","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-scanning","display_name":"environmental scanning","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-hazards","display_name":"environmental hazards","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-opportunities","display_name":"environmental opportunities","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-environmental-uncertainty","display_name":"perceived environmental uncertainty","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-planning","display_name":"strategic planning","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-spanning","display_name":"boundary spanning","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sources","display_name":"information sources","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sme-performance","display_name":"SME performance","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-growth","display_name":"organizational growth","score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-change","display_name":"organizational change","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-development","display_name":"organizational development","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.675000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5170276761054993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109680","display_name":"Small business","level":2,"score":0.48204073309898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47813165187835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45515626668930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931511","display_name":"Neglect","level":2,"score":0.4526198208332062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27614766359329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25608694553375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:149514693","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-19360490/small-firm-information-seeking-as-a-response-to-environmental","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78792899","display_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","issn_l":"0047-2778","issn":["0047-2778","0447-2778","1540-627X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Small Business Management","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057794090","https://openalex.org/W2900331896","https://openalex.org/W200802959","https://openalex.org/W7096871040","https://openalex.org/W4245217685","https://openalex.org/W1995200287","https://openalex.org/W6981572642","https://openalex.org/W1891481630","https://openalex.org/W7099801252","https://openalex.org/W618158981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Successful":[0],"managers":[1],"of":[2,4,12,26,54,59,72,81,117,149,161,173,184,187,214,236,253,267,286,298,333,342,359,370,382,385,398,416,420,456,518,535,547,559,573],"firms":[3,224,238,372,500,504],"all":[5,58],"sizes":[6],"have":[7,209],"long":[8],"appreciated":[9],"the":[10,24,60,70,77,112,118,147,157,171,240,254,287,295,331,352,396,417,446,454,465,477,482,516,532,545,556,569],"value":[11],"environmental":[13,132,304,399,575],"information.":[14,386],"Consequently,":[15],"proficient":[16],"strategists":[17],"scan":[18],"and":[19,32,84,92,130,182,203,207,229,250,307,318,325,362,380,401,528,567,571,579],"gather":[20],"data":[21,61,78],"to":[22,63,107,167,211,222,412,439,490],"increase":[23],"effectiveness":[25],"their":[27,360,363,509],"strategic":[28],"planning":[29],"processes":[30,90,289,344,419],"(Lindsay":[31],"Rue":[33],"1980;":[34],"Specht":[35],"1987).":[36],"Research":[37,164,493],"has":[38,123,262,271,282,310,409],"shown":[39],"that":[40,146,192,268,292,441,480,487],"this":[41,421,469],"information":[42,121,133,174,260,335,400,425,433,460,524,563,576],"gathering":[43,55,122,261,434,564],"is":[44,134,154,165,196,373,451,464],"not":[45,52,197],"a":[46,198,299,367,392,457],"simple":[47],"process.":[48],"Strategists":[49],"are":[50,488],"usually":[51],"capable":[53],"or":[56,270,540],"processing":[57,79,106,461],"available":[62,561,574],"them":[64],"on":[65,111,120,125,245,257,351,445,494],"any":[66],"given":[67],"issue.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"complexity":[71],"firms'":[73],"environments":[74,361],"coupled":[75],"with":[76,99,277,474],"limitations":[80],"both":[82],"individuals":[83],"organizations":[85],"results":[86,217],"in":[87,156,178,291,330,485,505],"complex":[88],"interpretive":[89,447],"(Daft":[91],"Weick":[93],"1984).":[94],"The":[95,232,471],"behavioral":[96],"modalities":[97],"corresponding":[98],"these":[100],"activities":[101,549],"might":[102],"range":[103],"from":[104,218,436,476,502],"automatic":[105],"investigative":[108],"probing,":[109],"depending":[110],"situation":[113],"(Dutton":[114],"1993).":[115],"Most":[116,252],"research":[119,216,243,256,408,435],"centered":[124],"larger":[126],"organizations.":[127],"However,":[128,405],"timely":[129],"relevant":[131],"equally":[135],"important":[136,506],"for":[137,142,242,338,345,375,468,562],"smaller":[138,179,237,346],"firms.":[139,180,347],"Miles":[140],"(1980),":[141],"instance,":[143],"points":[144],"out":[145],"neglect":[148],"such":[150,423],"boundary":[151],"spanning":[152],"functions":[153],"evident":[155],"high":[158],"failure":[159],"rate":[160],"new":[162],"businesses.":[163],"needed":[166],"better":[168,414],"understand":[169],"how":[170],"process":[172],"seeking":[175],"works":[176],"specifically":[177],"Researchers":[181],"observers":[183],"most":[185],"aspects":[186],"small":[188,194,223,246,258,355,371,402,431],"firm":[189,247,259,356,403,432],"behavior":[190,269,309],"agree":[191],"A":[193],"business":[201],"little":[199,284,407],"big":[200],"(Walsh":[202],"White":[204],"1981,":[205],"title),":[206],"we":[208],"learned":[210],"be":[212],"wary":[213],"generalizing":[215],"large":[219,503],"organizational":[220,234,334],"settings":[221],"(Dandridge":[225],"1979;":[226],"Pearce,":[227],"Chapman,":[228,578],"David":[230,580],"1982).":[231,581],"different":[233],"characteristics":[235],"suggest":[239],"need":[241],"focused":[244],"information-gathering":[248,536],"priorities":[249],"processes.":[251,448],"past":[255],"been":[263,283,311,410],"either":[264],"simply":[265],"descriptive":[266,437],"addressed":[272],"only":[273],"its":[274],"general":[275],"relationship":[276,301,394],"performance.":[278,404],"Until":[279],"recently":[280],"there":[281],"investigation":[285],"interpretation":[288,336],"involved":[290],"relationship.":[293],"Moreover,":[294],"long-held":[296],"tenet":[297],"positive":[300,393],"between":[302,354,395],"perceived":[303,378,483],"uncertainty":[305],"(PEU)":[306],"scanning":[308,548],"challenged":[312],"as":[313,424],"too":[314],"simplistic":[315],"(Boynton,":[316],"Gales,":[317],"Blackburn":[319],"1993;":[320],"Schafer":[321],"1990;":[322],"Ungson,":[323],"Braunstein,":[324],"Hall":[326],"1981).":[327],"Recent":[328],"progress":[329],"theory":[332],"allows":[337],"more":[339],"rigorous":[340],"specification":[341],"scanning/interpretive":[343],"This":[348,427,449],"study":[349],"focuses":[350],"relationships":[353,376],"managers'":[357],"perceptions":[358],"information-seeking":[364,510],"behaviors.":[365],"Specifically,":[366],"broad":[368],"sample":[369],"investigated":[374],"among":[377,550],"threats/opportunities":[379],"consultation":[381],"various":[383],"sources":[384],"Background":[387],"Dollinger":[388],"(1984,":[389],"1985)":[390],"showed":[391],"use":[397],"relatively":[406],"done":[411],"gain":[413],"understanding":[415],"intervening":[418],"relationship,":[422],"seeking.":[426],"section":[428,472],"first":[429],"summarizes":[430],"studies":[438],"investigations":[440],"can":[442],"formulate":[443],"hypotheses":[444],"summary":[450],"followed":[452],"by":[453],"description":[455],"widely":[458],"accepted":[459],"model":[462],"which":[463],"theoretical":[466],"foundation":[467],"study.":[470],"concludes":[473],"developments":[475],"cognitive":[478],"literature":[479],"characterize":[481],"environment":[484],"ways":[486,507],"meaningful":[489],"practicing":[491],"managers.":[492],"Small":[495,499],"Firm":[496],"Information":[497],"Seeking":[498],"differ":[501],"affecting":[508],"practices.":[511],"These":[512],"differences":[513],"include:":[514],"(1)":[515],"lack":[517],"(or":[519],"substantially":[520],"less":[521],"sophisticated)":[522],"management":[523],"systems":[525],"(Kagan,":[526],"Lau,":[527],"Nusgart":[529],"1990);":[530],"(2)":[531],"frequent":[533],"concentration":[534],"responsibilities":[537],"into":[538],"one":[539],"two":[541],"individuals,":[542],"rather":[543],"than":[544],"specialization":[546],"top":[551],"executives":[552],"(Hambrick":[553],"1981);":[554],"(3)":[555],"lower":[557],"levels":[558],"resources":[560],"(Golde":[565],"1964);":[566],"(4)":[568],"quantity":[570],"quality":[572],"(Pearce,":[577],"\u2026":[582]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
