{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1494616014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","title":"Purification and characterization of the entomocidal protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis.","display_name":"Purification and characterization of the entomocidal protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis.","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1494616014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","mag":"1494616014","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7204384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140251998","display_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","issn_l":"0021-9258","issn":["0021-9258","1067-8816","1083-351X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009950596","display_name":"Lee A. Bulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-7021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-7021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.A. Bulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["U. S. Department of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Department of Agriculture","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079434777","display_name":"Karl J. Kramer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8714-487X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8714-487X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.J. Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["U. S. Department of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Department of Agriculture","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033248770","display_name":"David J. Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-7311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-7311"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.J. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["U. S. Department of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. S. Department of Agriculture","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113684610","display_name":"B. L. Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B.L. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025228723","display_name":"Loren I. Davidson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.I. Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046303425","display_name":"G. L. Lookhart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.L. Lookhart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3430,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3430},"apc_paid":{"value":3430,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3430},"fwci":1.9254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85069226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"256","issue":"6","first_page":"3000","last_page":"3004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11436","display_name":"Entomopathogenic Microorganisms in Pest Control","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11065","display_name":"Insect Pest Control Strategies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacillus-thuringiensis","display_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-purification","display_name":"protein purification","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-titration","display_name":"alkaline titration","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anion-exchange-chromatography","display_name":"anion exchange chromatography","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-weight","display_name":"molecular weight","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insecticidal-activity","display_name":"insecticidal activity","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parasporal-crystals","display_name":"parasporal crystals","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779035793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310467","display_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","level":3,"score":0.9615616798400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.42212679982185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.41589146852493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3684176802635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3487049341201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.25053688883781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.056272417306900024}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000596","descriptor_name":"Amino Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001413","descriptor_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002364","descriptor_name":"Caseins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007306","descriptor_name":"Insecticides","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007700","descriptor_name":"Kinetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008970","descriptor_name":"Molecular Weight","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010572","descriptor_name":"Pest Control, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011498","descriptor_name":"Protein Precursors","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046911","descriptor_name":"Macromolecular Substances","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140251998","display_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","issn_l":"0021-9258","issn":["0021-9258","1067-8816","1083-351X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7204384","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7204384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of biological chemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69714-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140251998","display_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","issn_l":"0021-9258","issn":["0021-9258","1067-8816","1083-351X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W323133358","https://openalex.org/W1527593722","https://openalex.org/W1575864823","https://openalex.org/W1666075882","https://openalex.org/W1982244798","https://openalex.org/W1997395530","https://openalex.org/W2003023735","https://openalex.org/W2011275995","https://openalex.org/W2013814289","https://openalex.org/W2017761508","https://openalex.org/W2030342418","https://openalex.org/W2031927441","https://openalex.org/W2037773834","https://openalex.org/W2060520073","https://openalex.org/W2066444129","https://openalex.org/W2067081249","https://openalex.org/W2071677176","https://openalex.org/W2076546636","https://openalex.org/W2084007072","https://openalex.org/W2225443389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362038510","https://openalex.org/W1868314652","https://openalex.org/W64612984","https://openalex.org/W817809449","https://openalex.org/W2618346271","https://openalex.org/W176181780","https://openalex.org/W1973362657","https://openalex.org/W31903634","https://openalex.org/W2069755553","https://openalex.org/W2038325531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"procedure":[1],"for":[2,72],"purifying":[3],"the":[4,73,99,105,126],"insecticidal":[5],"parasporal":[6,53,100],"protoxin":[7,31,74,88,106,127],"of":[8,14,75,125],"Bacillus":[9],"thuringiensis":[10],"and":[11,17,36,61,128],"a":[12,29,33,110],"description":[13],"its":[15],"biochemical":[16],"biophysical":[18],"properties":[19],"is":[20],"provided.":[21],"Mild":[22],"alkali":[23],"titration":[24],"was":[25,39,84,89,98],"necessary":[26],"to":[27,41,50,94,109],"generate":[28],"functional":[30],"in":[32],"soluble":[34,87],"form,":[35],"anion-exchange":[37],"chromatography":[38],"used":[40],"remove":[42],"contaminating":[43],"cytoplasmic":[44],"proteases":[45],"that":[46],"are":[47],"nonspecifically":[48],"bound":[49],"whole":[51],"native":[52],"crystals.":[54],"Polyacrylamide":[55],"gel":[56,58],"electrophoresis,":[57],"filtration":[59],"chromatography,":[60],"meniscus":[62],"depletion":[63],"sedimentation":[64],"equilibrium":[65],"analysis":[66],"revealed":[67],"an":[68],"apparent":[69],"molecular":[70,112],"weight":[71,113],"1.34":[76],"x":[77,119],"10(5).":[78],"The":[79,86,121],"only":[80],"NH2-terminal":[81],"residue":[82],"found":[83],"methionine.":[85],"2.5":[90],"times":[91],"more":[92],"toxic":[93],"insect":[95],"larvae":[96],"than":[97],"crystal.":[101],"At":[102],"alkaline":[103],"pH":[104],"slowly":[107],"converted":[108],"low":[111],"toxin":[114,129],"(apparent":[115],"Mr":[116],"=":[117],"6.8":[118],"10(4)).":[120],"molar":[122],"specific":[123],"toxicities":[124],"were":[130],"identical.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}