{"id":"https://openalex.org/W149290109","doi":null,"title":"Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.","display_name":"Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W149290109","mag":"149290109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:149290109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED421528.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008532105","display_name":"Brent Bridgeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-8844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-8844"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Bridgeman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-8844","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peter B. Cooper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter B. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77214189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":0.15000000596046448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.04800000041723251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essay-scoring","display_name":"essay scoring","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-effects","display_name":"practice effects","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-experience","display_name":"computer experience","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-fairness","display_name":"test fairness","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.7427994012832642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983335612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54277","display_name":"Word processing","level":2,"score":0.6280496716499329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6064329147338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5878196954727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175293574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697133","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","level":3,"score":0.5628538131713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4806022346019745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.42004984617233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41819772124290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3960424065589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3211430609226227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11229220032691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:149290109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED421528.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139678826","https://openalex.org/W2168898091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097146330","https://openalex.org/W2139678826","https://openalex.org/W2543907703","https://openalex.org/W7097345667","https://openalex.org/W7098428298","https://openalex.org/W6944144410","https://openalex.org/W4386261115","https://openalex.org/W1849300723","https://openalex.org/W1974587640","https://openalex.org/W66527449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Essays":[0,266],"for":[1,40,65,108,156,163,204],"the":[2,22,73,96,115,118,131,136,164,205,219,222,234,245,254,268,327,363,367],"Graduate":[3,23,269],"Management":[4,24,270],"Admissions":[5,25,271],"Test":[6,272],"must":[7],"be":[8,48,249],"written":[9,90],"with":[10,146,218],"a":[11,38,66,83,121,175,182],"word":[12,34,56,176],"processor":[13,177],"(except":[14],"in":[15,92,210,348],"some":[16,33],"foreign":[17],"countries).":[18],"The":[19,69],"test":[20],"sponsors,":[21],"Council,":[26],"believed":[27],"that":[28,126,140,199,209,247],"this":[29,141,349],"is":[30,37],"fair":[31],"because":[32],"processing":[35],"skill":[36],"prerequisite":[39],"advanced":[41],"management":[42],"education.":[43],"Furthermore,":[44],"it":[45],"might":[46],"also":[47],"unfair":[49],"to":[50,58,60,338],"require":[51],"students":[52],"who":[53,88,172],"routinely":[54],"use":[55],"processors":[57],"shift":[59],"paper":[61],"and":[62,79,98,114,139,158,208,264,275,312],"pencil":[63],"just":[64],"testing":[67],"situation.":[68],"current":[70],"study":[71],"addressed":[72],"comparability":[74],"of":[75,85,111,120,260,309,343,366],"scores":[76,127,155,186,220,232],"from":[77,253,326],"handwritten":[78,132,157,189],"word-processed":[80,137,159,194,206],"essays":[81,91,104,133,160,190],"using":[82,174],"sample":[84],"3,470":[86],"examinees":[87,171],"had":[89,184],"both":[93],"formats.":[94],"Both":[95],"computer":[97,167],"paper-and-pencil":[99],"versions":[100],"contained":[101],"two":[102,180],"30-minute":[103],"questions,":[105],"one":[106],"asking":[107],"an":[109,112],"analysis":[110],"issue":[113],"other":[116],"analyzing":[117],"reasoning":[119],"presented":[122,361],"argument.":[123],"Results":[124],"indicate":[125],"were":[128,161,214],"higher":[129,185,203,230],"on":[130,135,187,192,221,233,262,267],"than":[134,179,191,231],"essays,":[138,207],"difference":[142],"did":[143],"not":[144,352],"interact":[145],"gender,":[147],"ethnic,":[148],"or":[149,329,345,358],"English-as-a-Second-Language":[150],"group":[151],"classifications.":[152],"Differences":[153],"between":[154],"smallest":[162],"most":[165],"experienced":[166],"users,":[168],"but":[169],"even":[170],"reported":[173],"more":[178],"times":[181],"week":[183],"their":[188,193],"essays.":[195],"Other":[196],"findings":[197],"indicated":[198],"reader":[200],"reliability":[201],"was":[202],"either":[211],"format":[212],"there":[213],"substantial":[215],"practice":[216],"effects,":[217],"second":[223],"essay":[224],"about":[225],"0.4":[226],"standard":[227],"deviation":[228],"units":[229],"first":[235],"essay.":[236],"(Author/SLD)":[237],"********************************************************************************":[238,258],"*":[239,251,252,257],"Reproductions":[240],"supplied":[241],"by":[242],"EDRS":[243],"are":[244],"best":[246],"can":[248],"made":[250,337],"original":[255],"document.":[256],"Comparability":[259],"Scores":[261],"Word-Processed":[263],"Handwritten":[265],"Brent":[273],"Bridgeman":[274],"Peter":[276],"Cooper":[277],"Educational":[278,310,369],"Testing":[279],"Service,":[280],"Princeton,":[281],"NJ":[282],"PERMISSION":[283],"TO":[284,297],"REPRODUCE":[285],"AND":[286],"DISSEMINATE":[287],"THIS":[288],"MATERIAL":[289],"HAS":[290],"BEEN":[291],"GRANTED":[292],"BY":[293],".3(ef1+":[294],"ig60":[295],"QA101-4A":[296],"THE":[298],"EDUCATIONAL":[299,314],"RESOURCES":[300,315],"INFORMATION":[301,316],"CENTER":[302,317],"(ERIC)":[303,318],"U.S":[304],"DEPARTMENT":[305],"OF":[306],"EDUCATION":[307],"Office":[308],"Research":[311,370],"Improvement":[313],"This":[319],"document":[320,350],"has":[321],"been":[322,336],"reproduced":[323],"as":[324],"received":[325],"person":[328],"organization":[330],"originating":[331],"it.":[332],"Minor":[333],"changes":[334],"have":[335],"improve":[339],"reproduction":[340],"quality.":[341],"Points":[342],"view":[344],"opinions":[346],"stated":[347],"do":[351],"necessarily":[353],"represent":[354],"official":[355],"OERI":[356],"position":[357],"policy.":[359],"Paper":[360],"at":[362],"annual":[364],"meeting":[365],"American":[368],"Association,":[371],"San":[372],"Diego,":[373],"April,":[374],"1998.":[375],"--":[376]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
