{"id":"https://openalex.org/W149100788","doi":null,"title":"Overreward and the Impostor Phenomenon","display_name":"Overreward and the Impostor Phenomenon","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W149100788","mag":"149100788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:149100788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40601195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059316918","display_name":"William C. McDowell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4163-3918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4163-3918"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. McDowell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4163-3918","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008900563","display_name":"Nancy G. Boyd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Boyd","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068577525","display_name":"Wm. Matthew Bowler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-3054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-3054"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wm. Matthew Bowler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-3054","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03901553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"95","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.6294000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.6294000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12415","display_name":"Employer Branding and e-HRM","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12313","display_name":"Emotions and Moral Behavior","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impostor-phenomenon","display_name":"impostor syndrome","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity-theory","display_name":"equity theory","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributive-justice","display_name":"distributive justice","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-offers","display_name":"job offers","score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guilt","display_name":"guilt","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-offer-acceptance","display_name":"job acceptance","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-satisfaction","display_name":"personal satisfaction","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-evaluation-human-resources","display_name":"performance evaluation (human resources)","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-process","display_name":"selection process","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-expectations","display_name":"salary expectations","score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-sabotage","display_name":"self-sabotage","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-justification","display_name":"self-justification","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-monitoring","display_name":"self-monitoring","score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-concept","display_name":"self-concept","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-congruity","display_name":"self-congruity","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777266375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770480","display_name":"Injustice","level":2,"score":0.7296631336212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6380659341812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552284","display_name":"Distributive justice","level":3,"score":0.6303380727767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5776470899581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.5525908470153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5349873900413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.4796743392944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779149496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442100","display_name":"Procedural justice","level":3,"score":0.42396825551986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.4219123125076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4163425862789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3296690285205841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2557467818260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24324756860733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17733803391456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11107656359672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:149100788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40601195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17309834","https://openalex.org/W165146647","https://openalex.org/W271898427","https://openalex.org/W1586757151","https://openalex.org/W1705129756","https://openalex.org/W1912763868","https://openalex.org/W1963854472","https://openalex.org/W1971043331","https://openalex.org/W1975456960","https://openalex.org/W1979036822","https://openalex.org/W1983299415","https://openalex.org/W2000846664","https://openalex.org/W2003553239","https://openalex.org/W2003674324","https://openalex.org/W2008130552","https://openalex.org/W2012877137","https://openalex.org/W2016640518","https://openalex.org/W2018106171","https://openalex.org/W2019857953","https://openalex.org/W2025237734","https://openalex.org/W2026738440","https://openalex.org/W2031558695","https://openalex.org/W2031684113","https://openalex.org/W2032417736","https://openalex.org/W2033607009","https://openalex.org/W2037615146","https://openalex.org/W2037710531","https://openalex.org/W2056749799","https://openalex.org/W2060310030","https://openalex.org/W2068569565","https://openalex.org/W2081262187","https://openalex.org/W2086321137","https://openalex.org/W2088491685","https://openalex.org/W2093032015","https://openalex.org/W2094064881","https://openalex.org/W2100826189","https://openalex.org/W2107535105","https://openalex.org/W2111376227","https://openalex.org/W2120166639","https://openalex.org/W2127645821","https://openalex.org/W2133735374","https://openalex.org/W2134049139","https://openalex.org/W2143846011","https://openalex.org/W2145520874","https://openalex.org/W2152138096","https://openalex.org/W2158517811","https://openalex.org/W2159743665","https://openalex.org/W2313360746","https://openalex.org/W2758070095","https://openalex.org/W2795942463","https://openalex.org/W2981116110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996165018","https://openalex.org/W2189436989","https://openalex.org/W2185658449","https://openalex.org/W2105953577","https://openalex.org/W2987716057","https://openalex.org/W2163962042","https://openalex.org/W2034373767","https://openalex.org/W2265098578","https://openalex.org/W2023625523","https://openalex.org/W2089928324"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Overreward":[0,189],"in":[1,29,36,135,185,190,217,348,404,427,473,514,578,610],"the":[2,30,37,47,56,66,130,136,161,181,186,191,204,209,218,227,235,242,246,256,265,269,282,286,295,306,323,429,434,437,450,459,465,488,518,579],"selection":[3,192],"process":[4,193],"potentially":[5],"carries":[6],"serious":[7],"implications":[8],"for":[9,142,180],"organizations.":[10],"Equity":[11],"theory":[12],"(Adams,":[13],"1963,":[14],"1965)":[15],"proposes":[16],"that":[17,69,94,116,151,202,317,452,561,597],"individuals":[18,153,370,484],"who":[19,351,371,399,485],"feel":[20,155,276],"underrewarded":[21],"or":[22,34,145,314,320,419,568],"overrewarded":[23],"will":[24,42,119,330,454,467,600],"experience":[25,289,344,468,491],"tension":[26],"(e.g.,":[27,60],"frustration":[28,500],"case":[31,38],"of":[32,39,58,75,106,132,138,158,163,211,220,224,345,381,406,421,433,496,510,556,576,587],"underreward":[33,59],"guilt":[35,239],"overreward)":[40],"and":[41,65,159,166,183,238,264,299,329,389,408,413,431,441,481,499,532,540,603,614],"take":[43,608],"steps":[44],"to":[45,55,84,90,146,208,234,244,262,293,354,369,396,471,475,479,502,506,581,607],"rectify":[46],"inequity.":[48],"While":[49,126],"much":[50],"literature":[51],"has":[52,81,338,516],"been":[53,82,339],"attributed":[54],"study":[57],"Gilliland,":[61,253],"1993;":[62],"Greenberg,":[63],"1990)":[64],"multiple":[67],"outcomes":[68],"are":[70,352,372],"associated":[71],"with":[72],"this":[73,170],"type":[74],"distributive":[76,215],"justice,":[77],"relatively":[78],"little":[79],"attention":[80],"paid":[83],"overreward.":[85],"This":[86,112,214],"could":[87],"be":[88,120,173,259,332,455,601],"due":[89,501],"a":[91,103,156,315,379,447,494,503,522,551],"generalized":[92,492],"belief":[93],"overreward":[95,117,164,175],"is":[96,102,230,278,284,446,461,564],"not":[97,275,462],"very":[98],"common":[99],"since":[100,458],"there":[101,445],"higher":[104,113],"threshold":[105,114],"inequity":[107,118,221],"(Miner,":[108],"2002;":[109,252],"Adams,":[110],"1965).":[111],"implies":[115],"tolerated":[121],"more":[122],"readily":[123],"than":[124,572],"underreward.":[125],"some":[127,152],"may":[128,172,176,240,258,267,288],"question":[129],"existence":[131],"overreward,":[133],"research":[134],"area":[137],"underreporting":[139],"billable":[140],"hours":[141],"personal":[143,382],"satisfaction":[144],"improve":[147],"performance":[148],"evaluations":[149],"indicates":[150],"do":[154],"sense":[157],"recognize":[160],"idea":[162],"(Akers":[165],"Eaton,":[167],"2003).":[168],"Although":[169],"viewpoint":[171],"true,":[174],"still":[177],"cause":[178],"problems":[179],"employee":[182,304,466],"employer":[184],"work":[187,570],"environment.":[188],"occurs":[194],"when":[195],"an":[342],"individual":[197,287,435,451,562],"receives":[198],"employment":[200,247],"offer":[201,248,257,270],"exceeds":[203],"individual's":[205],"expectations":[206],"relative":[207],"perception":[210],"his/her":[212],"qualifications.":[213],"injustice":[216],"form":[219],"causes":[222],"feelings":[223,291,555],"unease":[225],"within":[226,436,449],"applicant.":[228],"Guilt":[229],"one":[231],"potential":[232],"response":[233],"perceived":[236,504],"inequity,":[237],"lead":[241],"applicant":[243],"reject":[245],"(Mowday,":[249],"1996;":[250],"Miner,":[251],"1993).":[254],"Alternatively,":[255],"too":[260],"good":[261],"refuse":[263],"person":[266],"accept":[268],"even":[271],"if":[272],"he/she":[273,309,453],"does":[274],"it":[277],"deserved.":[279,463],"If,":[280],"however,":[281],"job":[283,324,460],"accepted,":[285],"impostor":[313],"referred":[292],"as":[294,341,402,521,529,550,591,593],"phenomenon":[297,337,366,490,520],"(Clance":[298,412,613],"Imes,":[300,390,414,615],"1978).":[301,391,415],"When":[302],"experiences":[358],"phenomenon,":[308,418,549],"feels":[310],"like":[311],"phony":[316],"was":[318,393],"mistakenly":[319],"accidentally":[321],"offered":[322],"despite":[325],"his/":[326],"her":[327],"inadequacies":[328],"eventually":[331],"found":[456],"out.":[334],"The":[335,364,416,547],"defined":[340],"internal":[343],"intellectual":[346,557],"phoniness":[347],"high":[349,508],"achievers":[350],"unable":[353],"internalize":[355],"their":[356],"successful":[357,373],"(Bernard":[359],"et":[360,385,536,544,618],"al.,":[361,386,537,545],"2002:":[362],"321).":[363],"generally":[367],"applies":[368],"by":[374,589],"external":[375],"standards":[376],"but":[377],"have":[378],"self-perception":[380],"incompetence":[383,599],"(Chrisman":[384,535],"1995;":[387,538],"Clance":[388,440,480],"It":[392],"first":[394],"applied":[395],"high-achieving":[397],"women,":[398],"regarded":[400],"themselves":[401],"impostors":[403],"spite":[405],"credentials":[407],"achievements":[409,612],"indicating":[410],"otherwise":[411],"feeling":[420],"phoniness,":[422,558],"plays":[423],"important":[425],"role":[426],"shaping":[428],"attitudes":[430],"behaviors":[432],"workplace.":[438],"As":[439],"Imes":[442,482],"(1978)":[443],"expressed,":[444],"fear":[448,586,596],"out":[457],"Thus,":[464],"increased":[469],"pressure":[470],"perform":[472],"order":[474],"meet":[476,507],"expectations.":[477],"According":[478],"(1978),":[483],"suffer":[486],"from":[487,525],"anxiety,":[493],"lack":[495,575],"self-confidence,":[497],"depression,":[498],"inability":[505,606],"levels":[509],"self-imposed":[511],"standards.":[512],"Research":[513],"psychology":[515],"validated":[517],"construct":[523],"distinct":[524],"related":[526],"constructs":[527],"such":[528],"self-esteem,":[530],"self-monitoring,":[531],"social":[533],"anxiety":[534],"Cozzarelli":[539],"Major,":[541],"1990;":[542],"Edwards":[543],"1987).":[546],"construct,":[552],"encompasses":[553],"(1)":[554],"(2)":[559],"beliefs":[560],"success":[563],"based":[565],"on":[566],"luck":[567],"hard":[569],"rather":[571],"ability,":[573],"(3)":[574],"confidence":[577],"ability":[580],"replicate":[582],"past":[583],"successes,":[584],"(4)":[585],"evaluation":[588],"others,":[590],"well":[592],"failure,":[594],"(5)":[595],"one's":[598,611],"discovered,":[602],"(6)":[604],"pleasure":[609],"1978;":[616],"September":[617],"al.":[619],"\u2026":[620]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}