{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1490886702","doi":null,"title":"The Impact of Human Gene Patents on Innovation and Access: A Survey of Human Gene Patent Litigation","display_name":"The Impact of Human Gene Patents on Innovation and Access: A Survey of Human Gene Patent Litigation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1490886702","mag":"1490886702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7rr0w5gf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr0w5gf","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rr0w5gf/qt7rr0w5gf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rr0w5gf/qt7rr0w5gf.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004919850","display_name":"Christopher M. Holman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-807X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-807X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75421653","display_name":"University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City","ror":"https://ror.org/01w0d5g70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher M. Holman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004919850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5503,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94903469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.041200000792741776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-gene-patents","display_name":"human gene patents","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-litigation","display_name":"patent litigation","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-scope","display_name":"patent scope","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biologics","display_name":"biologics","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recombinant-human-erythropoietin","display_name":"recombinant human erythropoietin","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-testing","display_name":"genetic testing","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-tools","display_name":"research tools","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-policy","display_name":"patent policy","score":0.5770000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777134139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697327","display_name":"Lawsuit","level":2,"score":0.7319164872169495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14208553","display_name":"Invention","level":2,"score":0.4727421998977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.4483300447463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13646594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181036","display_name":"Hyperbole","level":3,"score":0.443861722946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4354703426361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.43162184953689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40738174319267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3653720021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22067636251449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.12762105464935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08948522806167603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0888470709323883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7rr0w5gf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr0w5gf","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rr0w5gf/qt7rr0w5gf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irlaw.umkc.edu:faculty_works-1378","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://irlaw.umkc.edu/faculty_works/385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Works","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1490886702","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1103993_code537838.pdf?abstractid=1090562&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:qt7rr0w5gf","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr0w5gf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Holman, Christopher M. (2008). The Impact of Human Gene Patents on Innovation and Access: A Survey of Human Gene Patent Litigation. Berkeley Center for Law and Technology. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr0w5gf","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3124401119","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rr0w5gf/qt7rr0w5gf.pdf?t=krno7c","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7rr0w5gf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr0w5gf","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rr0w5gf/qt7rr0w5gf.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1490886702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1490886702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187388002","https://openalex.org/W1868027362","https://openalex.org/W1634472772","https://openalex.org/W1567416024","https://openalex.org/W7044003293","https://openalex.org/W1681219967","https://openalex.org/W1705455719","https://openalex.org/W2111989370","https://openalex.org/W1624171958","https://openalex.org/W2150702180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,200],"2005,":[1],"an":[2,215,331],"article":[3,392],"in":[4,51,53,69,168,214,245,262,342],"the":[5,37,61,111,127,139,152,203,219,252,263,271,276,326,343,356,369,380,387,405],"highly":[6],"influential":[7],"journal":[8],"Science":[9],"reported":[10],"that":[11,39,55,74,84,96,100,122,178,251,311,364],"roughly":[12],"20%":[13],"of":[14,63,76,109,113,130,151,183,202,222,254,265,275,328,358,371,382,386,397,407],"human":[15,124,163,184,210,241,255,314],"genes":[16,78,164],"are":[17,42,79,156,299,318],"patented.":[18],"This":[19],"figure":[20],"has":[21,258,289,367,376],"been":[22,259,290,377],"widely":[23],"cited":[24],"and":[25,95,205,213,231,284,308],"at":[26,302],"times":[27],"over-interpreted.":[28],"For":[29],"example,":[30],"a":[31,72,188,227,236,240,246,303,352,359,365,383,395],"popular":[32],"science":[33],"fiction":[34],"author":[35],"warns":[36],"public":[38],"their":[40,169],"bodies":[41],"\u201cowned\u201d":[43],"by":[44,71,81,138],"someone":[45],"else.":[46],"A":[47],"bill":[48,66],"was":[49,243],"introduced":[50],"Congress":[52],"2007":[54],"would":[56],"essentially":[57],"seek":[58],"to":[59,104,191,217,229,239,286,325,339,401],"ban":[60],"patenting":[62,112],"DNA.":[64],"The":[65,248,279,346,391],"appears":[67,310],"motivated":[68],"part":[70],"perception":[73],"one-fifth":[75],"our":[77],"owned":[80],"somebody":[82],"else,":[83],"these":[85,93,223,335],"owners":[86],"can":[87,102],"do":[88,103,192],"whatever":[89],"they":[90,166],"want":[91],"with":[92,196,293,394],"genes,":[94],"there":[97],"is":[98,348],"\u201cnothing":[99],"we":[101],"stop":[105],"them\u201d":[106],"(presumably":[107],"short":[108],"banning":[110],"DNA).\\n":[114],"While":[115],"clearly":[116],"many":[117],"US":[118],"patents":[119,144,257,323,336],"have":[120],"issued":[121],"reference":[123],"genetic":[125,153,282],"sequences,":[126],"actual":[128,140,162,181],"scope":[129,370],"exclusivity":[131],"varies":[132],"dramatically":[133],"from":[134,404],"claim-to-claim":[135],"as":[136,165,351],"dictated":[137],"claim":[141,337],"language.":[142],"Many":[143],"restrict":[145],"only":[146,312],"some":[147,294,398],"very":[148],"narrow":[149],"use":[150],"sequence,":[154],"others":[155],"much":[157],"broader":[158],"-":[159],"none":[160,179],"cover":[161],"exist":[167],"native":[170],"state.":[171],"And":[172],"it":[173,194,309],"should":[174],"go":[175],"without":[176],"saying":[177],"confer":[180],"ownership":[182],"beings,":[185],"or":[186],"allow":[187],"patent":[189,237,316,362],"owner":[190],"\u201cwhatever":[193],"wants\u201d":[195],"another":[197],"person\u2019s":[198],"genes.\\n":[199],"light":[201],"hyperbole":[204],"high":[206],"interest":[207],"currently":[208,319],"surrounding":[209],"gene":[211,242,256,315],"patents,":[212,224],"attempt":[216],"assess":[218,285],"true":[220],"impact":[221,253,280],"I":[225],"conducted":[226],"search":[228],"identify":[230],"analyze":[232],"all":[233],"instances":[234],"where":[235],"relating":[238,324],"asserted":[244],"lawsuit.":[247],"results":[249,406],"suggest":[250],"felt":[260],"primarily":[261],"context":[264],"biotechnology-derived":[266],"protein":[267],"therapeutics,":[268],"i.e.,":[269],"biologics,":[270],"most":[272],"important":[273,332],"fruit":[274],"biotechnology":[277],"revolution.":[278],"on":[281],"testing":[283],"research":[287,360],"tools":[288],"relatively":[291],"modest,":[292],"notable":[295],"exceptions.":[296],"Furthermore,":[297],"lawsuits":[298],"being":[300],"filed":[301,341],"decreasing":[304],"frequency":[305],"over":[306],"time,":[307],"three":[313],"litigations":[317],"pending.":[320],"Two":[321],"involve":[322],"production":[327],"recombinant":[329],"erythropoietin,":[330],"biologic":[333],"drug;":[334],"priority":[338],"applications":[340],"early":[344],"1980s.":[345],"third":[347],"best":[349],"characterized":[350],"contract":[353],"dispute,":[354],"wherein":[355],"licensor":[357],"tool":[361],"alleges":[363],"licensee":[366],"exceeded":[368],"its":[372],"license;":[373],"this":[374,408],"case":[375],"stayed":[378],"pending":[379],"outcome":[381],"court-ordered":[384],"arbitration":[385],"underlying":[388],"contractual":[389],"dispute.\\n":[390],"concludes":[393],"discussion":[396],"policy":[399],"implications":[400],"be":[402],"drawn":[403],"survey.":[409]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}