{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1490091093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","title":"Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime? An Assessment of the Evidence","display_name":"Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime? An Assessment of the Evidence","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1490091093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","mag":"1490091093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Crime Drop in America","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4248873811","display_name":"The Crime Drop in America"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046002785","display_name":"John E. Eck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-9985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-9985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John E. Eck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087262283","display_name":"Edward R. Maguire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-5288","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-5288"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward R. Maguire","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":142.5713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":281,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9995775,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"207","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.09740000218153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policing","display_name":"policing","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-prevention","display_name":"crime prevention","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-effectiveness","display_name":"police effectiveness","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactive-policing","display_name":"proactive policing","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-spots","display_name":"hot spots","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-violence","display_name":"gun violence","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-violence","display_name":"domestic violence","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drunk-driving","display_name":"drunk driving","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robbery","display_name":"robbery","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disorder","display_name":"disorder","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.7619260549545288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.5489417314529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776348852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855848","display_name":"Crime prevention","level":2,"score":0.4944782257080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4507078528404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.338749498128891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3007684648036957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1563381850719452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511616167.008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Crime Drop in America","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3196915951","https://openalex.org/W7099561146","https://openalex.org/W2957920390","https://openalex.org/W4388171176","https://openalex.org/W2486513490","https://openalex.org/W2002849094","https://openalex.org/W1980898902","https://openalex.org/W4388172014","https://openalex.org/W7099288768","https://openalex.org/W7066237021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74],"police":[1,21,33,94,186,193,229],"do":[2,194],"not":[3,28,107,195],"prevent":[4,108,147],"crime.":[5,63,110,126,188,234],"This":[6,64,214],"is":[7,65,81],"one":[8],"of":[9,14,76,90,142,185,233],"the":[10,20,25,32,72,82,183,192],"best":[11,39],"kept":[12],"secrets":[13],"modern":[15],"life.":[16],"Experts":[17],"know":[18,22,29],"it,":[19,23],"but":[24,157],"public":[26],"does":[27,106],"it.":[30],"Yet":[31],"pretend":[34],"that":[35,46,191],"they":[36,48,55],"are":[37,49],"society's":[38],"defense":[40],"against":[41,62],"crime":[42,118,143,204],"and":[43,103,132,154,196,207],"continually":[44],"argue":[45],"if":[47],"given":[50],"more":[51,93],"resources,":[52],"especially":[53],"personnel,":[54],"will":[56],"be":[57],"able":[58],"to":[59,78,95],"protect":[60],"communities":[61],"a":[66,114,200,219],"myth.":[67],"David":[68],"Bayley,":[69],"Police":[70,145],"for":[71,169,228],"Future":[73],"connection":[75],"policing":[77,112],"risk":[79,119],"factors":[80,120],"most":[83],"powerful":[84],"conclusion":[85],"reached":[86],"from":[87,218],"three":[88],"decades":[89],"research.":[91],"Hiring":[92],"provide":[96,225],"rapid":[97],"911":[98],"response,":[99],"unfocused":[100],"random":[101],"patrol,":[102],"reactive":[104],"arrests":[105],"serious":[109],"Community":[111],"without":[113],"clear":[115],"focus":[116],"on":[117,125,182,187,203],"generally":[121],"shows":[122],"no":[123,226],"effect":[124,184,202],"But":[127],"direct":[128],"patrols,":[129],"proactive":[130],"arrests,":[131],"problem-solving":[133],"at":[134],"high-crime":[135],"\u201chot":[136],"spots\u201d":[137],"has":[138],"shown":[139],"substantial":[140],"evidence":[141],"prevention.":[144],"can":[146],"robbery,":[148],"disorder,":[149],"gun":[150],"violence,":[151,156],"drunk":[152],"driving":[153],"domestic":[155],"only":[158],"by":[159,179],"using":[160],"certain":[161,164],"methods":[162],"under":[163],"conditions.":[165],"Lawrence":[166],"Sherman,":[167],"\u201cPolicing":[168],"Crime":[170],"Prevention\u201d":[171],"these":[172],"statements":[173],"summarize":[174],"two":[175],"popular":[176],"perspectives":[177],"held":[178],"social":[180],"scientists":[181],"Some":[189],"believe":[190],"probably":[197],"cannot":[198],"have":[199],"significant":[201],"rates":[205],"(Gottfredson":[206],"Hirschi":[208],"1990;":[209],"Klockars":[210],"1983;":[211],"Moran":[212],"1995).":[213],"viewpoint":[215],"was":[216],"forged":[217],"sociological":[220],"tradition":[221],"in":[222,230],"which":[223],"theories":[224],"role":[227],"their":[231],"explanations":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}