{"id":"https://openalex.org/W148860281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","title":"Pain Assessment: Subjectivity, Objectivity, and the Use of Neurotechnology Part One: Practical and Ethical Issues","display_name":"Pain Assessment: Subjectivity, Objectivity, and the Use of Neurotechnology Part One: Practical and Ethical Issues","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W148860281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","mag":"148860281","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20648198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193700400","display_name":"Pain Physician","issn_l":"1533-3159","issn":["1533-3159","2150-1149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316371","host_organization_name":"American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316371"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain Physician","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068141496","display_name":"James J. Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-4729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-4729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285093257","display_name":"Potomac Institute for Policy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/008fp3016","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285093257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Neurotechnology Studies, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA, USA; Wellcome Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Neurotechnology Studies, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA, USA; Wellcome Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285093257","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068141496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285093257","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.1665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97807641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4;13","issue":"4;7","first_page":"305","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.36469998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.36469998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11840","display_name":"Pain Management and Treatment","score":0.15760000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.14390000700950623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-assessment","display_name":"pain assessment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotechnology","display_name":"neurotechnology","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-scales","display_name":"pain scales","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-questionnaires","display_name":"pain questionnaires","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misdiagnosis","display_name":"misdiagnosis","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-experience","display_name":"pain experience","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersubjectivity","display_name":"intersubjectivity","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2482559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206330","display_name":"Objectivity (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7144829034805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5550631284713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202889954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139554","display_name":"Subjectivity","level":2,"score":0.5168188214302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5101216435432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.4374263882637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29888492822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.21225613355636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09489959478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001709","descriptor_name":"Biotechnology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001709","descriptor_name":"Biotechnology","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001709","descriptor_name":"Biotechnology","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003943","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003943","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003951","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010817","descriptor_name":"Physician-Patient Relations","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193700400","display_name":"Pain Physician","issn_l":"1533-3159","issn":["1533-3159","2150-1149"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316371","host_organization_name":"American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316371"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain Physician","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20648198","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20648198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pain physician","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1022197","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1022197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:333495","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2290433212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20648198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9074000120162964}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7838549","https://openalex.org/W27378450","https://openalex.org/W58195174","https://openalex.org/W59666415","https://openalex.org/W126653942","https://openalex.org/W161137932","https://openalex.org/W185744612","https://openalex.org/W309227101","https://openalex.org/W424612059","https://openalex.org/W579132727","https://openalex.org/W618542879","https://openalex.org/W1480451672","https://openalex.org/W1503962121","https://openalex.org/W1508671760","https://openalex.org/W1539962026","https://openalex.org/W1542305406","https://openalex.org/W1567172554","https://openalex.org/W1595498733","https://openalex.org/W1920694872","https://openalex.org/W1977514771","https://openalex.org/W1980548318","https://openalex.org/W1986668211","https://openalex.org/W1995906616","https://openalex.org/W1996643503","https://openalex.org/W2026371421","https://openalex.org/W2035697676","https://openalex.org/W2039770754","https://openalex.org/W2046686368","https://openalex.org/W2046917005","https://openalex.org/W2047254185","https://openalex.org/W2049750022","https://openalex.org/W2053499749","https://openalex.org/W2061984744","https://openalex.org/W2084518320","https://openalex.org/W2096218277","https://openalex.org/W2097643740","https://openalex.org/W2109100253","https://openalex.org/W2109706049","https://openalex.org/W2111651546","https://openalex.org/W2125663460","https://openalex.org/W2135723202","https://openalex.org/W2169541895","https://openalex.org/W2170873259","https://openalex.org/W2242191522","https://openalex.org/W2419069012","https://openalex.org/W2470503953","https://openalex.org/W2478216159","https://openalex.org/W2480109755","https://openalex.org/W2498133347","https://openalex.org/W2624077703","https://openalex.org/W2784485613","https://openalex.org/W2785066428","https://openalex.org/W2913493756","https://openalex.org/W3140877499","https://openalex.org/W4251310266","https://openalex.org/W4251414333","https://openalex.org/W4300208721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2290433212","https://openalex.org/W4243456641","https://openalex.org/W2440469097","https://openalex.org/W7221077912","https://openalex.org/W2315908379","https://openalex.org/W2548190015","https://openalex.org/W4403227907","https://openalex.org/W2472503511","https://openalex.org/W228693970","https://openalex.org/W4403082160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"pain":[1,15,26,41,177,188,197,205,237,282],"clinician":[2],"is":[3,35,161],"confronted":[4],"with":[5,271],"the":[6,11,20,25,29,33,38,63,101,113,130,134,147,162,171,179,187,193,202,218,247,254,264,279],"formidable":[7],"task":[8],"of":[9,14,40,66,75,96,100,120,125,136,146,164,174,181,196,204,253,267,281],"objectifying":[10],"subjective":[12,221,248],"phenomenon":[13],"so":[16],"as":[17,87,89,238,284],"to":[18,154,192,216,234],"determine":[19],"right":[21,265],"treatments":[22],"for":[23],"both":[24,236,285],"syndrome":[27],"and":[28,43,55,72,105,111,116,139,156,178,184,206,209,213,223,243,251,274,288],"patient":[30,189],"in":[31,82,110,186,256],"whom":[32],"pathology":[34],"expressed.":[36],"However,":[37],"experience":[39,183,222],"-":[42,46,77,92,115,119,143,151,269,276],"its":[44,182,207,244],"expression":[45,185],"remains":[47],"enigmatic.":[48],"Can":[49],"currently":[50],"available":[51,215],"evaluative":[52],"tools,":[53],"questionnaires,":[54],"scales":[56],"actually":[57],"provide":[58,150],"adequately":[59],"objective":[60,94,224],"information":[61],"about":[62,176],"experiential":[64],"dimensions":[65],"pain?":[67,97],"Can,":[68],"or":[69,81,144],"will,":[70],"current":[71],"future":[73],"iterations":[74],"biotechnology":[76],"whether":[78],"used":[79],"singularly":[80],"combination":[83],"(with":[84],"other":[85],"technologies":[86,214],"well":[88],"observational-behavioral":[90],"methods)":[91],"afford":[93],"validation":[95],"And":[98],"what":[99],"clinical,":[102],"ethical,":[103],"legal":[104],"social":[106],"issues":[107],"that":[108,168,263],"arise":[109],"from":[112],"use":[114,135,266],"potential":[117],"misuse":[118],"these":[121,137,229],"approaches?":[122],"Subsequent":[123],"trajectories":[124],"clinical":[126],"care":[127,283],"depend":[128],"upon":[129,246],"findings":[131],"gained":[132],"through":[133],"techniques":[138],"their":[140],"inappropriate":[141],"employment":[142],"misinterpretation":[145],"results":[148],"they":[149],"can":[152,277],"lead":[153],"misdiagnoses":[155],"incorrect":[157],"treatment.":[158],"This":[159],"essay":[160],"first":[163],"a":[165,286],"two-part":[166],"series":[167],"explicates":[169],"how":[170,228],"intellectual":[172],"tasks":[173],"knowing":[175],"assessment":[180,230],"are":[190,232],"constituent":[191],"moral":[194,289],"responsibility":[195],"medicine.":[198],"Herein,":[199],"we":[200,261],"discuss":[201],"problem":[203],"expression,":[208],"those":[210],"methods,":[211],"techniques,":[212],"bridge":[217],"gap":[219],"between":[220],"evaluation.":[225],"We":[226],"address":[227],"approaches":[231],"fundamental":[233],"apprehend":[235],"an":[239],"objective,":[240],"neurological":[241],"event,":[242],"impact":[245],"experience,":[249],"existence,":[250],"expectations":[252],"person":[255],"pain.":[257],"In":[258],"this":[259],"way,":[260],"argue":[262],"technology":[268],"together":[270],"inter-subjectivity,":[272],"compassion,":[273],"insight":[275],"sustain":[278],"good":[280],"therapeutic":[287],"enterprise.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
