{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1487584366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","title":"Public Services and the GATS","display_name":"Public Services and the GATS","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1487584366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","mag":"1487584366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jiel/jgl010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197191252","display_name":"Journal of International Economic Law","issn_l":"1369-3034","issn":["1369-3034","1464-3758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Economic Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922256","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064920840","display_name":"Rudolf Adlung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf Adlung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064920840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4535,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4535},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.3696,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98978762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"455","last_page":"485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12040","display_name":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-agreement-on-trade-in-services","display_name":"General Agreement on Trade in Services","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-services","display_name":"public services","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-arrangements","display_name":"institutional arrangements","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-provision-of-public-services","display_name":"private provision of public services","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-access","display_name":"universal access","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-monopoly","display_name":"state monopoly","score":0.8399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.7195335626602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6728193759918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6663814187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6207383871078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5820454359054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780840467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480510","display_name":"Universal service","level":2,"score":0.5370990037918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5126053690910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779554522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6598421","display_name":"Trade in services","level":3,"score":0.4473143517971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776976423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623066","display_name":"General Agreement on Trade in Services","level":3,"score":0.4394971430301666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.43575379252433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.4175931513309479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.39973360300064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.33822357654571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32038551568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2216072380542755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.22024434804916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18658232688903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.17172101140022278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14609068632125854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993305921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8036315","display_name":"World trade","level":2,"score":0.13983210921287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.13329410552978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1140633225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.07894861698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jiel/jgl010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgl010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197191252","display_name":"Journal of International Economic Law","issn_l":"1369-3034","issn":["1369-3034","1464-3758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Economic Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.922256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd200503","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/72049/2/503593613.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/72049/2/503593613.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/72049","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/72049","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/72049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"mag:1487584366","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:287","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.esocialsciences.org/Download/repecDownload.aspx?fname=Document119122005207.012576E-02.doc&fcategory=Articles&AId=287&fref=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:jielaw:jgl010v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/jgl010v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.922256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893577690","https://openalex.org/W1487584366","https://openalex.org/W1991425062","https://openalex.org/W1994850756","https://openalex.org/W2000377296","https://openalex.org/W2024921165","https://openalex.org/W2060226955","https://openalex.org/W2096327909","https://openalex.org/W2108592493","https://openalex.org/W2145228448","https://openalex.org/W2148294128","https://openalex.org/W2164444529","https://openalex.org/W2483638456","https://openalex.org/W2485137447","https://openalex.org/W2971299532","https://openalex.org/W3123981987","https://openalex.org/W3170741159","https://openalex.org/W4388078000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994850756","https://openalex.org/W1160578671","https://openalex.org/W1547962613","https://openalex.org/W3147169313","https://openalex.org/W7113079804","https://openalex.org/W4231639741","https://openalex.org/W610528469","https://openalex.org/W2801847409","https://openalex.org/W7217094354","https://openalex.org/W7213986310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89],"status":[1,43],"of":[2,7,65,71,130,195,228],"public":[3,143,152],"services":[4,90,113],"is":[5,201,207],"one":[6],"the":[8,14,37,53,69,82,101,112,128,131,168,177,193,198,209,219,224,233],"most":[9],"hotly":[10],"debated":[11],"issues":[12],"surrounding":[13],"General":[15],"Agreement":[16],"on":[17,36,52,151,218],"Trade":[18],"in":[19],"Services":[20],"(GATS).":[21],"In":[22],"principle,":[23],"there":[24],"are":[25,97,163],"two":[26],"approaches":[27],"to":[28,140,215],"define":[29],"such":[30],"services:":[31],"an":[32],"institutional":[33],"approach":[34,50,84,222],"focusing":[35],"conditions":[38,231],"governing":[39],"supply":[40],"(e.g.":[41,60],"ownership":[42],"and":[44,47,63,172,223,226],"market":[45],"organization)":[46],"a":[48],"functional":[49],"based":[51,150],"policy":[54,221],"objectives":[55,62],"that":[56,136],"may":[57,103,138,189],"be":[58,105,190],"involved":[59],"quality-related":[61],"concepts":[64],"universal":[66],"access).":[67],"Given":[68],"diversity":[70],"existing":[72],"arrangements":[73,135],"among":[74],"WTO":[75,213],"Members,":[76],"with":[77,167],"significant":[78],"variations":[79],"over":[80],"time,":[81],"former":[83],"does":[85],"not":[86],"appear":[87],"appropriate.":[88],"provided":[91,114],"by":[92,100,115,192],"government-owned":[93],"facilities,":[94],"whose":[95,187],"costs":[96],"covered":[98],"directly":[99],"State,":[102],"well":[104],"indistinguishable,":[106],"for":[107,133,179,211],"all":[108],"practical":[109],"purposes,":[110],"from":[111],"private":[116,158],"commercial":[117],"operators":[118],"under":[119,197,232],"appropriate":[120,220],"regulations":[121],"or":[122,154,156,160],"incentive":[123],"mechanisms.":[124],"This":[125],"article":[126],"discusses":[127],"relevance":[129],"GATS":[132],"different":[134],"governments":[137],"use":[139],"meet":[141],"typical":[142],"service":[144],"objectives.":[145],"All":[146],"conceivable":[147],"arrangements,":[148],"whether":[149],"monopolies,":[153],"regulated":[155],"subsidized":[157],"supplies,":[159],"combinations":[161],"thereof,":[162],"compatible":[164],"per":[165],"se":[166],"Agreement.":[169,234],"Recent":[170],"regulatory":[171],"technical":[173],"developments":[174],"have":[175],"broadened":[176],"scope":[178],"\u2013":[180,184],"possibly":[181],"more":[182],"efficient":[183],"market-based":[185],"solutions,":[186],"credibility":[188],"enhanced":[191],"assumption":[194],"commitments":[196],"GATS.":[199],"There":[200],"no":[202],"common":[203],"template,":[204],"however.":[205],"It":[206],"at":[208],"end":[210],"each":[212],"Member":[214],"decide,":[216],"sector-by-sector,":[217],"pros":[225],"cons":[227],"binding":[229],"access":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
