{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1481668362","doi":null,"title":"Gender Differences in the Cost of Displacement: An Empirical Test of Discrimination in the Labor Market","display_name":"Gender Differences in the Cost of Displacement: An Empirical Test of Discrimination in the Labor Market","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1481668362","mag":"1481668362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1481668362","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/article/aeaaecrev/v_3a77_3ay_3a1987_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a246-51.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035705499","display_name":"Janice Fanning Madden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9695-8664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9695-8664"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janice Fanning Madden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9695-8664","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035705499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97046654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"2","first_page":"246","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.0771000012755394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-discrimination-in-labor-markets","display_name":"gender discrimination in labor markets","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displaced-workers","display_name":"displaced workers","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-displacement","display_name":"job displacement","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-investment","display_name":"human capital investment","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-mobility","display_name":"job mobility","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permanent-layoffs","display_name":"permanent layoffs","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-differentials","display_name":"wage differentials","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-discrimination","display_name":"labor market discrimination","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-wages","display_name":"women's wages","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-tenure","display_name":"job tenure","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-experience","display_name":"work experience","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-the-job-training","display_name":"on-the-job training","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-search-costs","display_name":"job search costs","score":0.30300000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.7690658569335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.7653570771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.6974593997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.667702317237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.6623952388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13110393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156251","display_name":"Compensating differential","level":5,"score":0.4493109881877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6968784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193835","display_name":"Efficiency wage","level":3,"score":0.44640469551086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4237886965274811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.4228162467479706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3511233329772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130944947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571044","display_name":"Wage share","level":4,"score":0.16894462704658508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08130401372909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.06950661540031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1481668362","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/article/aeaaecrev/v_3a77_3ay_3a1987_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a246-51.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:77:y:1987:i:2:p:246-51","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28198705%2977%3A2%3C246%3AGDITCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C&origin=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.7312999963760376,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023063828","https://openalex.org/W2890114429","https://openalex.org/W2891825174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4247787501","https://openalex.org/W3112605785","https://openalex.org/W4313910017","https://openalex.org/W1519911996","https://openalex.org/W1532552415","https://openalex.org/W2332877899","https://openalex.org/W1498930927","https://openalex.org/W137029704","https://openalex.org/W1514369987","https://openalex.org/W7201929527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,59,158,203,220,241,246,297,339,409,461],"two":[2,235,278,330],"competing":[3,279,331],"explanations":[4,236,245,280,296,332],"of":[5,95,113,123,206,233,237,281,333,366,375,395,402,434,475],"why":[6],"women":[7,74,88,101,137,194],"workers":[8,58,72,89,138,195,322,338,340,370,384,397,459],"earn":[9,139,154,196,216],"less":[10,63,78,104,120,140,148,155,159,197,217,221],"than":[11,68,121,141,198,473],"men":[12,71,86,124,143,200],"with":[13,90,248,276,299],"equivalent":[14],"education,":[15,311],"work":[16,99,117,312],"experience,":[17,100,313],"and":[18,25,87,314],"job":[19,96,114,315,380,393,423],"tenure:":[20],"the":[21,26,54,81,128,161,183,188,204,210,223,230,238,259,274,282,293,334,364,392,400,432,450],"human":[22,30,38,66,151,271],"capital":[23,31,39,67],"explanation":[24,32,169],"discrimination":[27,168,181,208,268],"explanation.":[28],"The":[29,167,436,453],"argues":[33,170],"that":[34,171,178,286,382,406,474],"sex":[35,44,172,180,207,307],"differences":[36,45,173],"in":[37,46,64,105,134,149,174,182,209,431],"investment":[40],"which":[41,301,424],"arise":[42],"from":[43,292],"expectations":[47,112,405],"surrounding":[48],"labor":[49,175,184,211],"force":[50],"participation":[51],"account":[52,186],"for":[53,85,187,310,363],"wage":[55,304,454],"differential.":[56,190,336],"Women":[57,153,213],"expected":[60],"to":[61,76,255,257,326,360],"invest":[62],"jobspecific":[65],"otherwise":[69],"comparable":[70,142,199],"because":[73,108,144,156,201,218,252,347,353,419,440,467],"expect":[75],"spend":[77],"time":[79],"on":[80,320,449],"job.":[82,452],"Furthermore,":[83],"even":[84],"equal":[91],"ex":[92],"post":[93],"levels":[94],"tenure":[97,115,130],"and/or":[98,116,131],"have":[102,127,146,342,350,386],"invested":[103,147],"onthe-job":[106],"training":[107],"their":[109,344,348,367,389,403,468],"a":[110,303,372],"priori":[111],"experience":[118],"were":[119,355],"those":[122],"who":[125,341,385,413,460],"now":[126],"same":[129],"experience.":[132],"Therefore,":[133,273],"this":[135,192],"view,":[136,193],"they":[145,157,202,219,354],"specific":[150],"capital.":[152,272],"productive;":[160,222],"sex-wage":[162,189,224,239,260,283,335],"differential":[163,225,240,284,305],"is":[164,226,285,398,421,447,456,471],"economically":[165,227],"efficient.":[166],"market":[176],"opportunities,":[177],"is,":[179,383],"market,":[185],"In":[191],"victims":[205],"market.":[212],"do":[214],"not":[215,399],"inefficient.":[228],"While":[229],"economic":[231],"implications":[232],"these":[234,277,329],"enormously":[242],"different,":[243],"both":[244,253],"consistent":[247,298],"empirical":[249,262],"studies":[250,263],"simply":[251],"resort":[254],"nonmeasurables":[256],"explain":[258],"differential:":[261],"cannot":[264],"measure":[265],"directly":[266],"either":[267,346],"or":[269,352,442,463],"job-specific":[270],"problem":[275],"neither":[287],"has":[288],"been":[289],"empirically":[290,327],"sorted":[291],"other.":[294],"Both":[295],"data":[300,319],"show":[302],"by":[306],"after":[308],"controlling":[309],"tenure.":[316],"Newly":[317],"available":[318],"displaced":[321,396],"provide":[323],"an":[324],"opportunity":[325],"disentangle":[328],"Displaced":[337,369],"lost":[343],"jobs":[345,408,416],"workplaces":[349],"closed":[351],"permanently":[356],"laid":[357,465],"off":[358,466],"due":[359],"slack":[361],"demand":[362],"outputs":[365],"firms.":[368],"represent":[371],"special":[373],"case":[374],"worker":[376,412,437],"mobility.":[377],"Unlike":[378,458],"voluntary":[379],"movers,":[381],"voluntarily":[387,414],"quit":[388],"prior":[390],"jobs,":[391],"mobility":[394],"result":[401],"own":[404],"better":[407],"available.":[410],"A":[411],"changes":[415],"does":[417],"so":[418],"there":[420],"another":[422],"offers":[425],"higher":[426,448],"wages":[427],"(or":[428],"other":[429,476],"improvements":[430],"conditions":[433],"employment).":[435],"moves":[438],"precisely":[439],"his":[441],"her":[443],"productivity":[444,470],"(and":[445],"wages)":[446],"subsequent":[451],"change":[455],"endogenous.":[457],"fired":[462],"involuntarily":[464],"personal":[469],"lower":[472],"tDiscussants:":[477],"Rebecca":[478],"Blank,":[479],"Princeton":[480],"University;":[481],"Elyce":[482],"Rotella,":[483],"Indiana":[484],"University.":[485]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
