{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1480136654","doi":null,"title":"The impact of implementing English proficiency tests as a graduation requirement at Taiwanese universities of technology","display_name":"The impact of implementing English proficiency tests as a graduation requirement at Taiwanese universities of technology","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1480136654","mag":"1480136654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui\u2010Fen Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-6020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-6020"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui\u2010Fen Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-6020","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.06239999830722809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-proficiency-testing","display_name":"English language proficiency testing","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduation-requirements","display_name":"degree requirements","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washback","display_name":"washback","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-for-specific-purposes","display_name":"English for specific purposes","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-for-academic-purposes","display_name":"English for academic purposes","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-teaching","display_name":"English language teaching","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-policy-implementation","display_name":"university policy implementation","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-attitudes","display_name":"teacher attitudes","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-attitudes","display_name":"student attitudes","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-english-major-students","display_name":"non-English majors","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-universities","display_name":"technical universities","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiwan","display_name":"Taiwan","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-policy","display_name":"higher education policy","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-second-language","display_name":"English as a second language","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-third-language","display_name":"English as a third language","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.705052375793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5865806341171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.5083386301994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4555368423461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4458678662776947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.41419780254364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38337254524230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34482449293136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3337404727935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21829795837402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.20915070176124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19290167093276978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uilis.unsyiah.ac.id:4959","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/opentheses/items/show/4959","pdf_url":"http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/opentheses/items/show/4959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196378","display_name":"UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187494767","host_organization_name":"Universitas Syiah Kuala","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187494767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/968809","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/968809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"U - Thesis"},{"id":"mag:1480136654","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","pdf_url":"http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/576/1/PhD_thesis.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1480136654.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1480136654.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":190,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19188993","https://openalex.org/W22229808","https://openalex.org/W25919364","https://openalex.org/W38824027","https://openalex.org/W38974912","https://openalex.org/W51102566","https://openalex.org/W51373527","https://openalex.org/W92442558","https://openalex.org/W125315459","https://openalex.org/W141186518","https://openalex.org/W149354138","https://openalex.org/W152915045","https://openalex.org/W185413523","https://openalex.org/W188685089","https://openalex.org/W197636990","https://openalex.org/W257545480","https://openalex.org/W275274892","https://openalex.org/W305929306","https://openalex.org/W309373054","https://openalex.org/W328736763","https://openalex.org/W352623383","https://openalex.org/W361440249","https://openalex.org/W398501331","https://openalex.org/W581497681","https://openalex.org/W586661046","https://openalex.org/W589328496","https://openalex.org/W589661253","https://openalex.org/W600677481","https://openalex.org/W618953808","https://openalex.org/W619912479","https://openalex.org/W622066383","https://openalex.org/W628641623","https://openalex.org/W628979590","https://openalex.org/W629674869","https://openalex.org/W635444002","https://openalex.org/W639174348","https://openalex.org/W647883978","https://openalex.org/W648742738","https://openalex.org/W1010706263","https://openalex.org/W1480635320","https://openalex.org/W1481813919","https://openalex.org/W1482461396","https://openalex.org/W1483822815","https://openalex.org/W1506150625","https://openalex.org/W1508712116","https://openalex.org/W1512196126","https://openalex.org/W1512467372","https://openalex.org/W1533106813","https://openalex.org/W1536573182","https://openalex.org/W1553454015","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1559131556","https://openalex.org/W1562777306","https://openalex.org/W1566447278","https://openalex.org/W1567891970","https://openalex.org/W1568998819","https://openalex.org/W1571608640","https://openalex.org/W1581342146","https://openalex.org/W1587306448","https://openalex.org/W1590154464","https://openalex.org/W1672830445","https://openalex.org/W1722345915","https://openalex.org/W1727534288","https://openalex.org/W1743495032","https://openalex.org/W1824513743","https://openalex.org/W1844902700","https://openalex.org/W1856016257","https://openalex.org/W1899228344","https://openalex.org/W1947351948","https://openalex.org/W1959712200","https://openalex.org/W1963679057","https://openalex.org/W1965516070","https://openalex.org/W1965949448","https://openalex.org/W1975210436","https://openalex.org/W1976873974","https://openalex.org/W1977934735","https://openalex.org/W1980444960","https://openalex.org/W1982991758","https://openalex.org/W1986155844","https://openalex.org/W1987051778","https://openalex.org/W1990513740","https://openalex.org/W1994434576","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1999459328","https://openalex.org/W2000465914","https://openalex.org/W2001956862","https://openalex.org/W2003236388","https://openalex.org/W2004465698","https://openalex.org/W2004466597","https://openalex.org/W2006444775","https://openalex.org/W2007448722","https://openalex.org/W2011208260","https://openalex.org/W2012748616","https://openalex.org/W2013205216","https://openalex.org/W2013908307","https://openalex.org/W2017543425","https://openalex.org/W2018566403","https://openalex.org/W2018717987","https://openalex.org/W2020675527","https://openalex.org/W2026315975","https://openalex.org/W2027583338","https://openalex.org/W2028109405","https://openalex.org/W2034224584","https://openalex.org/W2036312495","https://openalex.org/W2037599432","https://openalex.org/W2039703741","https://openalex.org/W2039959246","https://openalex.org/W2043049802","https://openalex.org/W2046046151","https://openalex.org/W2048571908","https://openalex.org/W2049072322","https://openalex.org/W2051013971","https://openalex.org/W2060765064","https://openalex.org/W2067819572","https://openalex.org/W2068473731","https://openalex.org/W2068537771","https://openalex.org/W2070038360","https://openalex.org/W2070495380","https://openalex.org/W2071441282","https://openalex.org/W2072939131","https://openalex.org/W2073536170","https://openalex.org/W2073536761","https://openalex.org/W2074241103","https://openalex.org/W2074447285","https://openalex.org/W2075386191","https://openalex.org/W2080470526","https://openalex.org/W2081774993","https://openalex.org/W2082779068","https://openalex.org/W2087060371","https://openalex.org/W2087721881","https://openalex.org/W2089064175","https://openalex.org/W2092293093","https://openalex.org/W2092984120","https://openalex.org/W2095505364","https://openalex.org/W2098820803","https://openalex.org/W2109982999","https://openalex.org/W2114783107","https://openalex.org/W2115728012","https://openalex.org/W2117405808","https://openalex.org/W2117665228","https://openalex.org/W2121234833","https://openalex.org/W2121500851","https://openalex.org/W2128761197","https://openalex.org/W2129092073","https://openalex.org/W2131922494","https://openalex.org/W2133461144","https://openalex.org/W2136543334","https://openalex.org/W2149028807","https://openalex.org/W2150231503","https://openalex.org/W2151448724","https://openalex.org/W2152381967","https://openalex.org/W2158137369","https://openalex.org/W2165327482","https://openalex.org/W2168946884","https://openalex.org/W2200317339","https://openalex.org/W2223321109","https://openalex.org/W2237074343","https://openalex.org/W2241553837","https://openalex.org/W2263357589","https://openalex.org/W2320386680","https://openalex.org/W2321270545","https://openalex.org/W2332260702","https://openalex.org/W2332661621","https://openalex.org/W2481578034","https://openalex.org/W2487815367","https://openalex.org/W2573247564","https://openalex.org/W2727620914","https://openalex.org/W2729170623","https://openalex.org/W2758166002","https://openalex.org/W2764421288","https://openalex.org/W2783864693","https://openalex.org/W2809494451","https://openalex.org/W2891456939","https://openalex.org/W2905010601","https://openalex.org/W2914341307","https://openalex.org/W2955734932","https://openalex.org/W2970761611","https://openalex.org/W2972714078","https://openalex.org/W2978805936","https://openalex.org/W2990471761","https://openalex.org/W2998984447","https://openalex.org/W2999038655","https://openalex.org/W2999284692","https://openalex.org/W3000550500","https://openalex.org/W3107048976","https://openalex.org/W3120933763","https://openalex.org/W3146155783","https://openalex.org/W3148413324","https://openalex.org/W3214833809","https://openalex.org/W7131437201"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2495710124","https://openalex.org/W2055692458","https://openalex.org/W7095717330","https://openalex.org/W2765870255","https://openalex.org/W2136543334","https://openalex.org/W7132945913","https://openalex.org/W2997514415","https://openalex.org/W1546076685","https://openalex.org/W3191740880","https://openalex.org/W3014466941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Both":[0],"the":[1,5,19,74,85,175,216,228,231,238,241,249,309,336,378,398,441,458,477,487,502,507,519,559],"Taiwanese":[2,243,297,379],"government":[3,65],"and":[4,166,179,226,256,355,372,449,467,491,499,504,512,524],"community":[6],"at":[7,130,327,413],"large":[8],"recognise":[9],"that":[10,397],"a":[11,53,59,111,124,132,209,321,328,332,406,410,423,541],"high":[12],"level":[13,126,330],"of":[14,29,49,76,95,103,154,157,161,212,218,230,240,245,296,299,308,320,323,381,400,436,443,506,518],"English":[15,78,104,137,221,261,278,324,345,402,437,464,537,560],"language":[16,222,465],"ability":[17],"among":[18,106],"workforce":[20],"is":[21,33,110,168,181,185,197,234],"essential":[22],"for":[23,39,46,62,285,419,545,552,563],"success":[24],"in":[25,52,64,70,97,147,267,281],"virtually":[26],"all":[27],"walks":[28],"life,":[30],"as":[31,151,171,331,405,540],"Taiwan":[32],"heavily":[34],"dependent":[35],"on":[36,215,224,417,427],"international":[37],"business":[38],"its":[40],"economic":[41],"growth.":[42],"A":[43],"growing":[44],"concern":[45],"national":[47,149],"standards":[48,102],"educational":[50,508,513],"achievement":[51],"competitive":[54],"global":[55],"economy,":[56],"together":[57],"with":[58,368,422,432,501],"heightened":[60],"demand":[61],"accountability":[63],"expenditure":[66],"has":[67,80,89,251,271],"been":[68,81,90,143,273],"reflected":[69],"tertiary":[71],"institutions,":[72],"where":[73],"problem":[75],"graduates\u2019":[77],"proficiency":[79,105,138,262,279,325,403,538,561],"addressed.":[82],"An":[83],"innovation,":[84],"Graduation":[86],"Threshold":[87],"(GT),":[88],"proposed":[91,551],"by":[92,122,145,388],"some":[93],"universities":[94,244,298,554],"technology":[96,246],"order":[98],"to":[99,118,235,247,317,352,357,527,533,557],"ensure":[100],"higher":[101],"graduating":[107],"students.":[108],"GT":[109,250],"university":[112],"policy":[113,399,435,474],"whereby":[114],"students":[115,316,359],"are":[116,260,277,550],"expected":[117],"fulfil":[119],"graduation":[120,333,346,407,438],"requirements":[121],"obtaining":[123],"certain":[125,133],"in,":[127],"or":[128,205,287,412,544],"getting":[129],"least":[131],"score":[134],"on,":[135],"an":[136],"test.":[139],"Tests":[140],"have":[141,203],"long":[142],"advocated":[144],"policymakers":[146],"diverse":[148],"contexts":[150],"one":[152,319],"form":[153],"effective":[155],"leverage":[156],"control.":[158],"The":[159,290,472,510,530],"phenomenon":[160],"how":[162,482],"tests":[163,202,263,280,326,404,539,562],"influence":[164],"teaching":[165,225,255,418,466],"learning":[167,180,468],"commonly":[169,182],"described":[170],"\u2018washback\u2019.":[172],"Yet":[173],"while":[174],"connection":[176],"between":[177],"testing":[178],"made,":[183],"it":[184,189,194,196],"not":[186,272,342,470,481],"known":[187],"whether":[188,201,237],"really":[190],"exists":[191],"and,":[192],"if":[193],"does,":[195],"seldom":[198],"crystal":[199],"clear":[200],"favourable":[204],"deleterious":[206],"washback.":[207],"Following":[208],"critical":[210],"review":[211],"selected":[213],"literature":[214],"washback":[217],"tests,":[219,223],"particularly":[220],"learning,":[227],"focus":[229],"current":[232],"study":[233],"determine":[236],"effort":[239],"concerned":[242],"implement":[248],"changed":[252],"institutional":[253],"policies,":[254],"learning.":[257],"If":[258,269],"so,":[259],"playing":[264],"any":[265,274,282,344],"role":[266],"this?":[268],"there":[270],"marked":[275],"change,":[276],"way":[283],"responsible":[284],"blocking":[286],"impeding":[288],"changes?":[289],"research":[291],"sites":[292],"were":[293,302,383,392,469,516],"non-English":[294,314],"departments":[295],"technology,":[300],"which":[301,555],"divided":[303],"into":[304],"two":[305],"groups.":[306],"One":[307],"groups":[310],"(Group":[311,339],"1)":[312],"required":[313],"major":[315],"pass":[318],"set":[322],"specified":[329],"requirement,":[334],"whereas":[335],"other":[337,546],"group":[338],"2)":[340],"did":[341],"prescribe":[343],"requirement.":[347,439],"In":[348,485],"each":[349,365,389],"group,":[350,366],"27":[351],"28":[353],"teachers":[354,363,478,511],"300":[356],"321":[358],"completed":[360],"questionnaires.":[361],"Two":[362,385],"from":[364],"along":[367],"three":[369,373],"departmental":[370,447,489],"directors":[371,448,490],"advisory":[374,450,492],"committee":[375,451,493],"members":[376,452,494],"within":[377],"Ministry":[380],"Education,":[382],"interviewed.":[384],"lessons":[386],"taught":[387],"interviewed":[390],"teacher":[391],"also":[393],"observed.":[394],"Results":[395],"indicated":[396],"implementing":[401],"requirement":[408,543],"had":[409,453],"superficial":[411],"times":[414],"no":[415],"impact":[416,426],"both":[420],"groups,":[421],"slightly":[424],"greater":[425],"Group":[428,444],"1,":[429],"who":[430],"complied":[431],"their":[433],"university\u2019s":[434],"Although":[440],"majority":[442],"1":[445],"teachers,":[446,488],"generally":[454],"positive":[455],"attitudes":[456],"towards":[457],"policy,":[459],"teachers\u2019":[460],"fundamental":[461],"beliefs":[462],"about":[463],"changed.":[471],"new":[473],"influenced":[475],"what":[476],"taught,":[479],"but":[480],"they":[483,521],"taught.":[484],"addition,":[486],"pointed":[495],"out":[496],"several":[497],"issues":[498],"problems":[500,520],"diffusion":[503],"implementation":[505],"innovation.":[509],"administrators":[514],"nevertheless":[515],"aware":[517],"currently":[522],"faced":[523],"appeared":[525],"determined":[526],"resolve":[528],"them.":[529],"results":[531],"seem":[532],"argue":[534],"against":[535],"using":[536],"degree":[542],"gatekeeping":[547],"purposes.":[548,566],"Guidelines":[549],"those":[553],"want":[556],"adopt":[558],"these":[564],"high-stakes":[565]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}