{"id":"https://openalex.org/W145010271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","title":"What is programming?","display_name":"What is programming?","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W145010271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","mag":"145010271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming in Modula-3","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2504355257","display_name":"Programming in Modula-3"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112392366","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 65-67, A-9022, Klagenfurt, Germany","Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Klagenfurt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 65-67, A-9022, Klagenfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Klagenfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020560663","display_name":"Carsten Weich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Weich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 65-67, A-9022, Klagenfurt, Germany","Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Klagenfurt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 65-67, A-9022, Klagenfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Klagenfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.07769999653100967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programs","display_name":"programs","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-instruction","display_name":"computer instruction","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-behavior","display_name":"program behavior","score":0.5979999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7445629835128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902259588241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6742350459098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4521869719028473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.07139790058135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0675334632396698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60940-4_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Programming in Modula-3","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243059066","https://openalex.org/W4236044729","https://openalex.org/W312274","https://openalex.org/W4252454483","https://openalex.org/W4235596296","https://openalex.org/W164853200","https://openalex.org/W4312367187","https://openalex.org/W4255051305","https://openalex.org/W69727709","https://openalex.org/W4249753014"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}