{"id":"https://openalex.org/W139727262","doi":null,"title":"Anti-apoptotic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in differentiated PC12 cells.","display_name":"Anti-apoptotic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in differentiated PC12 cells.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W139727262","mag":"139727262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:12396082","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102860911","display_name":"Julie V Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44854399","display_name":"University of Southern Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/0270vfa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie V Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg 39406-5018, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg 39406-5018, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045708295","display_name":"Adam J Burdick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam J Burdick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026456937","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Golik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7814-482X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7814-482X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawel Golik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049082763","display_name":"Ikhlas Ahmed Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-4643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-4643"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikhlas Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085274471","display_name":"Douglas C. Wallace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-8278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-8278"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuan Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9822721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"6","first_page":"699","last_page":"707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12846","display_name":"Ginkgo biloba and Cashew Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12846","display_name":"Ginkgo biloba and Cashew Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12891","display_name":"Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10294","display_name":"Cell death mechanisms and regulation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ginkgo-biloba-extract-egb-761","display_name":"Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroprotection","display_name":"neuroprotection","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pc12-cells","display_name":"PC12 cells","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staurosporine","display_name":"staurosporine","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-deprivation","display_name":"serum deprivation","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-damage","display_name":"mitochondrial damage","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytochrome-c-release","display_name":"cytochrome c release","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-fragmentation","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caspase-3","display_name":"caspase-3","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ginkgolide-c","display_name":"ginkgolide C","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-e","display_name":"vitamin E","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis-related-gene-expression","display_name":"apoptosis-related gene expression","score":0.8330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778998842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43284","display_name":"Ginkgo biloba","level":2,"score":0.970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.8967084288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.6757627129554749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43759708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749256","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","level":4,"score":0.607706606388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779084600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957181","display_name":"Staurosporine","level":4,"score":0.5714410543441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5666579604148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776255418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835097","display_name":"Ginkgoales","level":5,"score":0.5498037338256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.49304434657096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29311851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408223","display_name":"Cytochrome c","level":3,"score":0.4552319645881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12519072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14914370","display_name":"Caspase 3","level":4,"score":0.4225251078605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31573885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484","display_name":"Programmed cell death","level":3,"score":0.3618345856666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.33806347846984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3142673373222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.20574408769607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.17305690050125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160492267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319616","display_name":"Pharmacognosy","level":4,"score":0.15592506527900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116073593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864491","display_name":"Biological activity","level":3,"score":0.13203445076942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195794163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420877","display_name":"Protein kinase C","level":3,"score":0.07351937890052795}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000096983","descriptor_name":"Ginkgo Extract","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003574","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome c Group","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003574","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome c Group","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003574","descriptor_name":"Cytochrome c Group","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008928","descriptor_name":"Mitochondria","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010936","descriptor_name":"Plant Extracts","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010936","descriptor_name":"Plant Extracts","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010936","descriptor_name":"Plant Extracts","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014810","descriptor_name":"Vitamin E","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014810","descriptor_name":"Vitamin E","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014810","descriptor_name":"Vitamin E","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016716","descriptor_name":"PC12 Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016716","descriptor_name":"PC12 Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016716","descriptor_name":"PC12 Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018696","descriptor_name":"Neuroprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018696","descriptor_name":"Neuroprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018696","descriptor_name":"Neuroprotective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019311","descriptor_name":"Staurosporine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019311","descriptor_name":"Staurosporine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019311","descriptor_name":"Staurosporine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020169","descriptor_name":"Caspases","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020441","descriptor_name":"Ginkgo biloba","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020441","descriptor_name":"Ginkgo biloba","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020441","descriptor_name":"Ginkgo biloba","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053148","descriptor_name":"Caspase 3","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053148","descriptor_name":"Caspase 3","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053148","descriptor_name":"Caspase 3","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053454","descriptor_name":"Caspase 12","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053454","descriptor_name":"Caspase 12","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053454","descriptor_name":"Caspase 12","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053938","descriptor_name":"DNA Fragmentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053938","descriptor_name":"DNA Fragmentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053938","descriptor_name":"DNA Fragmentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:12396082","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aquila.usm.edu:fac_pubs-9813","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/8640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402529","display_name":"Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I44854399","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Mississippi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:139727262","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7832375816","display_name":"Mitochondrial Genetics and Aging","funder_award_id":"R01AG013154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975427274","https://openalex.org/W2119790337","https://openalex.org/W2402793729","https://openalex.org/W2062975586","https://openalex.org/W2023629010","https://openalex.org/W2092584168","https://openalex.org/W2161557809","https://openalex.org/W2161940662","https://openalex.org/W2046804236","https://openalex.org/W139727262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"Ginkgo":[1],"biloba":[2],"leaf":[3],"extract":[4],"(EGb":[5],"761)":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"known":[9],"to":[10,19,77,181],"have":[11,43],"neuroprotective":[12,164],"effects":[13,165],"ranging":[14],"from":[15],"molecular":[16,28,179],"and":[17,21,27,81,90,114,169,173],"cellular,":[18],"animal":[20],"human":[22],"studies,":[23],"however,":[24],"the":[25,45,103,108,122],"cellular":[26],"mechanisms":[29],"remain":[30],"unclear.":[31],"Using":[32],"PC":[33],"12":[34],"cells,":[35],"a":[36],"well-established":[37],"model":[38],"for":[39],"studying":[40],"neuroprotection,":[41],"we":[42],"determined":[44],"mechanism":[46],"of":[47,49,72,87,102,107,134,154,166],"action":[48],"EGb":[50,69,93,109,123,147,167,171],"761":[51,70,110,124,172],"on":[52,177],"cell":[53],"survival":[54],"following":[55],"apoptosis":[56],"induced":[57],"by":[58],"serum-deprivation":[59],"or":[60,141],"treatment":[61],"with":[62,146],"staurosporine":[63],"(STS).":[64],"Our":[65],"results":[66,130,150],"show":[67,117],"that":[68,132,152,170],"treatments":[71],"PC12":[73],"cells":[74,144],"are":[75],"able":[76],"prevent":[78],"serum":[79],"deprivation-":[80],"STS-induced":[82,100],"mitochondrial":[83],"damage,":[84],"attenuate":[85],"release":[86],"cytochrome":[88],"c":[89],"DNA":[91,127],"fragmentation.":[92],"761,":[94,168],"but":[95],"not":[96],"vitamin":[97,174],"E.":[98],"inhibited":[99],"activation":[101],"caspase-3":[104],"enzyme.":[105],"Two":[106],"components,":[111],"bilobalide":[112],"B":[113],"ginkgolide":[115],"C":[116],"more":[118],"significant":[119],"inhibition":[120,153],"than":[121],"extract.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"microarray":[128],"assay":[129],"indicate":[131],"transcription":[133],"multiple":[135,163],"apoptosis-related":[136],"genes":[137],"is":[138],"either":[139],"up-":[140],"down-regulated":[142],"in":[143,160],"treated":[145],"761.":[148],"These":[149],"suggest":[151],"apoptotic":[155],"machinery":[156],"may,":[157],"at":[158],"least":[159],"part,":[161],"mediate":[162],"E":[175],"act":[176],"different":[178],"paths":[180],"provide":[182],"neuroprotection.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}