{"id":"https://openalex.org/W13848334","doi":null,"title":"Reading Comprehension Requires Knowledge\u2014 of Words and the World Scientific Insights into the Fourth-Grade Slump and the Nation's Stagnant Comprehension Scores","display_name":"Reading Comprehension Requires Knowledge\u2014 of Words and the World Scientific Insights into the Fourth-Grade Slump and the Nation's Stagnant Comprehension Scores","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W13848334","mag":"13848334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.141.6106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.6106","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring2003/AE_SPRNG.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eric Hirsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-9871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-9871"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Hirsch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-9871","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0641,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90211706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13061","display_name":"Literacy and Educational Practices","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-students","display_name":"low-income students","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-texts","display_name":"academic texts","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-knowledge","display_name":"vocabulary knowledge","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-knowledge","display_name":"prior knowledge","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding","display_name":"decoding","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-achievement-gap","display_name":"reading achievement gap","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.783319890499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45291354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2509873","display_name":"Slump","level":3,"score":0.6983925104141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6520460844039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5732526779174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.419790118932724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.400465190410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3561822175979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.31220555305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14607590436935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.141.6106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.6106","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring2003/AE_SPRNG.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.368.8410","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.368.8410","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aft.org/pdfs/americaneducator/spring2003/Hirsch.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:13848334","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oregonliteracypd.uoregon.edu/sites/default/files/topic_documents/17-A1-Hirsch.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42906268","https://openalex.org/W120102951","https://openalex.org/W608209113","https://openalex.org/W651406934","https://openalex.org/W653019002","https://openalex.org/W956157605","https://openalex.org/W1550079975","https://openalex.org/W1575462443","https://openalex.org/W1598788054","https://openalex.org/W1599048323","https://openalex.org/W1639598280","https://openalex.org/W1674947250","https://openalex.org/W1706881574","https://openalex.org/W1771537915","https://openalex.org/W1964306780","https://openalex.org/W1988352928","https://openalex.org/W2003993933","https://openalex.org/W2008098124","https://openalex.org/W2016831395","https://openalex.org/W2037166243","https://openalex.org/W2045353043","https://openalex.org/W2046823375","https://openalex.org/W2049826494","https://openalex.org/W2055119535","https://openalex.org/W2059086756","https://openalex.org/W2059165697","https://openalex.org/W2063026846","https://openalex.org/W2065593805","https://openalex.org/W2093308707","https://openalex.org/W2107419716","https://openalex.org/W2114249383","https://openalex.org/W2115690040","https://openalex.org/W2138255374","https://openalex.org/W2165683312","https://openalex.org/W2167543949","https://openalex.org/W2589445163","https://openalex.org/W2615520298","https://openalex.org/W2994238474","https://openalex.org/W2996512313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320912375","https://openalex.org/W1882544168","https://openalex.org/W2093308707","https://openalex.org/W1564512128","https://openalex.org/W7100218779","https://openalex.org/W2156684986","https://openalex.org/W2336985064","https://openalex.org/W1502562536","https://openalex.org/W2081464388","https://openalex.org/W1486526711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"educators":[1],"have":[2,23],"made":[3],"good":[4],"progress":[5],"in":[6,30,59,108,123,138],"teaching":[7],"children":[8],"to":[9,62,97,130],"decode":[10],"(that":[11],"is,":[12],"turn":[13],"print":[14],"into":[15,170],"speech":[16],"sounds),":[17],"it\u2019s":[18],"disheartening":[19],"that":[20,35,89,120,163],"we":[21,72],"still":[22],"not":[24],"overcome":[25],"the":[26,38,87,90,99,109,124,152,167,171,190,202],"\u201cfourth-grade":[27,79],"slump":[28,80],"\u201d":[29,81],"reading":[31,92,110,139],"comprehension.":[32],"We\u2019re":[33],"finding":[34],"even":[36,134],"though":[37],"vast":[39],"majority":[40],"of":[41,112,180,189,197,204],"our":[42],"youngest":[43],"readers":[44],"can":[45],"manage":[46],"simple":[47],"texts,":[48],"many":[49],"students\u2014particularly":[50],"those":[51],"from":[52],"low-income":[53,113,121,155],"families\u2014struggle":[54],"when":[55],"it":[56],"comes":[57,82],"time":[58],"grade":[60,107],"four":[61],"tackle":[63],"more":[64,177],"advanced":[65],"academic":[66],"texts.":[67],"To":[68],"help":[69],"these":[70],"students,":[71],"must":[73],"fully":[74],"understand":[75],"just":[76],"where":[77],"this":[78],"from.":[83],"The":[84],"\u201cslump\u201d":[85],"was":[86],"name":[88],"great":[91],"researcher":[93],"Jeanne":[94],"Chall":[95,118],"used":[96],"describe":[98],"apparently":[100],"sudden":[101],"drop-off":[102],"between":[103],"third":[104,127],"and":[105,126,141,147,194,199],"fourth":[106,153],"scores":[111,158],"students.":[114],"In":[115],"her":[116],"research,":[117],"found":[119],"students":[122,156,168],"second":[125],"grades":[128],"tended":[129],"score":[131],"at":[132,151,201],"(and":[133],"above)":[135],"national":[136],"averages":[137],"tests":[140],"related":[142],"measures":[143],"such":[144],"as":[145,166],"spelling":[146],"word":[148],"meaning.":[149],"But":[150],"grade,":[154],"\u2019":[157],"began":[159],"a":[160,176],"steady":[161],"drop":[162],"grew":[164],"steeper":[165],"moved":[169],"higher":[172],"grades.":[173],"1":[174],"(For":[175],"detailed":[178],"discussion":[179],"Chall\u2019s":[181],"landmark":[182],"E.":[183],"D.":[184],"Hirsch,":[185],"Jr.,":[186],"is":[187],"founder":[188],"Core":[191],"Knowledge":[192],"Foundation":[193],"professor":[195],"emeritus":[196],"education":[198],"humanities":[200],"University":[203],"Virginia.":[205],"He":[206],"has":[207],"written":[208],"several":[209],"acclaimed":[210],"books,":[211],"including":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
