{"id":"https://openalex.org/W13674844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","title":"Millie-Christine McKoy and the American Freak Show: Race, Gender, and Freedom in the Postbellum Era, 1851 - 1912","display_name":"Millie-Christine McKoy and the American Freak Show: Race, Gender, and Freedom in the Postbellum Era, 1851 - 1912","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W13674844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","mag":"13674844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5070/b3231007676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764867305","display_name":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal","issn_l":"1099-5331","issn":["1099-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067898207","display_name":"Sarah E Gold","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah E Gold","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067898207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9666,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95449083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13330","display_name":"Theater, Performance, and Music History","score":0.5360999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13330","display_name":"Theater, Performance, and Music History","score":0.5360999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.3393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjoined-twins","display_name":"conjoined twins","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freak-shows","display_name":"freak shows","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-women","display_name":"Black women","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"race","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom","display_name":"freedom","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postbellum-america","display_name":"postbellum America","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-difference","display_name":"physical difference","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-agency","display_name":"women's agency","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-of-slavery","display_name":"slavery legacy","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-popular-culture","display_name":"nineteenth-century popular culture","score":0.5529999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776717989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19410276","display_name":"FREAK","level":2,"score":0.9092633724212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.6287142038345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.5656907558441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5014574527740479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4584988057613373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4446398913860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520712124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36279","display_name":"Biography","level":2,"score":0.44155755639076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.4354058504104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3676570951938629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.2590002417564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17488741874694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.1502857208251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5070/b3231007676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/b3231007676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764867305","display_name":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal","issn_l":"1099-5331","issn":["1099-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt39g057p3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39g057p3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, vol 23, iss 1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt39g057p3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/39g057p3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gold, Sarah E. (2010). Millie-Christine McKoy and the American Freak Show: Race, Gender, and Freedom in the Postbellum Era, 1851 - 1912. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 23(1). Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/39g057p3","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332524","display_name":"Gillings School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332600","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72415015","https://openalex.org/W101095979","https://openalex.org/W160280119","https://openalex.org/W367584742","https://openalex.org/W562158760","https://openalex.org/W627025132","https://openalex.org/W1198309079","https://openalex.org/W1544227263","https://openalex.org/W1573086608","https://openalex.org/W1604144163","https://openalex.org/W2053060818","https://openalex.org/W2054367630","https://openalex.org/W2067886807","https://openalex.org/W2080828838","https://openalex.org/W2616349916","https://openalex.org/W2891329460","https://openalex.org/W4230224479","https://openalex.org/W4247469259","https://openalex.org/W4299595537","https://openalex.org/W4301175143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2225310038","https://openalex.org/W4251663439","https://openalex.org/W4254101938","https://openalex.org/W4241885089","https://openalex.org/W4408165361","https://openalex.org/W2147184031","https://openalex.org/W4281725106","https://openalex.org/W2871161395","https://openalex.org/W201185488","https://openalex.org/W1979057670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"historical":[1],"research":[2],"has":[3],"focused":[4],"on":[5,202],"a":[6,54,124],"few":[7],"popular":[8],"acts":[9],"of":[10,31,44,57,74,88,100,109,126,157,216],"late":[11],"nineteenth-century":[12,89],"American":[13,159],"freak":[14,160,169,204],"shows,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,62,141,143],"the":[18,42,47,63,71,101,107,112,144,158,166,203,214],"\u201cSiamese":[19],"Twins\u201d":[20],"Chang":[21,92],"and":[22,34,59,93,106,138,148,182,184,190,219],"Eng":[23],"Bunker,":[24],"in":[25,41,111,226],"order":[26],"to":[27,38,193,223],"understand":[28],"how":[29],"notions":[30],"inherent":[32],"racial":[33],"physical":[35],"difference":[36],"continued":[37],"be":[39],"institutionalized":[40],"absence":[43],"slavery.":[45],"Although":[46,150],"conjoined":[48,186],"twin":[49],"sisters":[50],"Millie-Christine":[51,84,196],"McKoy":[52],"enjoyed":[53],"similar":[55],"level":[56],"celebrity":[58],"financial":[60],"success":[61],"Bunker":[64],"twins,":[65],"they":[66],"have":[67],"not":[68],"received":[69],"nearly":[70],"same":[72],"amount":[73],"attention":[75],"from":[76,165],"historians.":[77],"As":[78],"black":[79,224],"women":[80,176,225],"born":[81],"into":[82],"slavery,":[83],"illuminates":[85],"different":[86],"aspects":[87],"culture":[90],"than":[91],"Eng.":[94],"Her":[95],"life":[96,120],"complicates":[97],"our":[98],"understanding":[99],"intersections":[102],"between":[103],"race,":[104],"gender,":[105],"meaning":[108],"freedom":[110],"post-Civil":[113],"War":[114],"period.":[115],"In":[116],"this":[117],"paper,":[118],"Millie-Christine\u2019s":[119,151],"is":[121],"reconstructed":[122],"through":[123],"variety":[125],"primary":[127],"sources,":[128],"including":[129],"contemporary":[130],"circus":[131],"pamphlets,":[132],"medical":[133],"journal":[134],"studies,":[135],"newspaper":[136],"articles,":[137],"advertising":[139],"broadsides,":[140],"well":[142],"twins\u2019":[145],"autobiography,":[146],"letters,":[147],"will.":[149],"experience":[152,194],"confirms":[153],"some":[154],"previous":[155],"analyses":[156],"show,":[161],"she":[162],"ultimately":[163],"departs":[164],"assumptions":[167],"that":[168,175,185],"show":[170],"performers":[171],"were":[172,177,188],"passive":[173],"victims,":[174],"defined":[178],"by":[179],"their":[180],"children":[181],"husbands,":[183],"twins":[187],"physically":[189],"metaphorically":[191],"unable":[192],"freedom.":[195],"McKoy\u2019s":[197],"unusual":[198],"body":[199],"lands":[200],"her":[201,213],"show\u2019s":[205],"often":[206],"exploitative":[207],"stage,":[208],"but":[209],"it":[210],"also":[211],"gives":[212],"kind":[215],"wealth,":[217],"success,":[218],"agency":[220],"virtually":[221],"unknown":[222],"postbellum":[227],"America.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}