{"id":"https://openalex.org/W13311458","doi":null,"title":"Hybrid Principles for the Distribution of Criminal Sanctions","display_name":"Hybrid Principles for the Distribution of Criminal Sanctions","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W13311458","mag":"13311458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-1620","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101445452","display_name":"Paul H. Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3028","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-2205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul H. Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania Law School ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania Law School ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101445452"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4223,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94017537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-punishment","display_name":"just punishment","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incapacitation","display_name":"incapacitation","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"rehabilitation","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-principles","display_name":"sentencing principles","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insanity-defense","display_name":"insanity defense","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strict-liability","display_name":"strict liability","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provocation","display_name":"provocation","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culpability","display_name":"culpability","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing-guidelines","display_name":"sentencing guidelines","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-code-drafting","display_name":"criminal code drafting","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-law-theory","display_name":"criminal law theory","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-rehabilitation","display_name":"offender rehabilitation","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-deterrence","display_name":"crime deterrence","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.706409215927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6749976873397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6630775332450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.5862571001052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.535539448261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49770715832710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.48355719447135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779263217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098580","display_name":"Sentencing guidelines","level":3,"score":0.46434909105300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.45642632246017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.4515794515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781394664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19705","display_name":"Criminal code","level":3,"score":0.4185158610343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.41220778226852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3692484498023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34856978058815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13306421041488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10024076700210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-1620","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:13311458","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=662006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-1620","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W13311458.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W569408495","https://openalex.org/W3123941652","https://openalex.org/W2479138019","https://openalex.org/W3118795632","https://openalex.org/W2148092889","https://openalex.org/W7065168453","https://openalex.org/W2112119676","https://openalex.org/W60887206","https://openalex.org/W7135195722","https://openalex.org/W3208239932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"criminal":[1,5,17,50,64,70,161],"codes,":[2],"and":[3,28,32,37,61,66,133,364,436],"most":[4,159],"law":[6,18],"courses,":[7],"begin":[8],"with":[9,128,336],"the":[10,14,26,47,59,67,121,144,150,170,180,186,189,205,211,215,230,244,261,274,278,284,296,348,355,366,401,410,431,446],"'familiar":[11],"litany'":[12],"of":[13,16,25,49,63,69,92,123,146,197,239,243,263,277,286,299,359,390,393,400,403,412,433],"purposes":[15,42,53,76,255,402],"sanctions":[19],"-":[20,233,241,374],"just":[21,175,193],"punishment,":[22,194],"deterrence,":[23,199],"incapacitation":[24],"dangerous,":[27],"rehabilitation.":[29],"We":[30],"train":[31],"direct":[33],"our":[34],"lawyers,":[35],"judges,":[36,131],"legislators":[38],"to":[39,56,116,139,252,312,321,329,353,427,441],"use":[40],"these":[41,226,394],"as":[43,80,221],"guiding":[44,148,265],"principles":[45],"for":[46,235],"distribution":[48],"sanctions.":[51],"The":[52,75],"are":[54,250,396,439],"thus":[55,173],"guide":[57,140],"both":[58],"drafting":[60],"interpretation":[62],"statutes":[65],"imposition":[68],"sentences":[71,103,395],"in":[72,95,195,237,256,327,387],"individual":[73,287],"cases.":[74],"frequently":[77,228],"conflict,":[78],"however,":[79],"part":[81],"I":[82],"will":[83,382],"demonstrate.":[84],"Conflicts":[85],"arise":[86],"because":[87,167,242,380],"each":[88],"purpose":[89,119,425,444],"requires":[90],"consideration":[91],"different":[93,102,108,254,257],"criteria;":[94],"some":[96],"cases,":[97],"a":[98,111,147,222,264,304,316,323,337,360,388,419],"particular":[99],"fact":[100],"suggests":[101],"or":[104,217,269,414],"statutory":[105],"formulations":[106],"under":[107,370],"purposes.":[109],"Ultimately":[110],"choice":[112],"must":[113],"be":[114,295,385,409,428],"made":[115,152],"follow":[117],"one":[118,399,423],"at":[120,154,430],"expense":[122,432],"another.":[124],"Yet":[125,188],"when":[126,214,273,422],"faced":[127,335],"conflicting":[129],"purposes,":[130],"legislators,":[132],"sentencing-guideline":[134],"drafters":[135,249,280,438],"have":[136],"no":[137,377],"principle":[138,224,266,420],"that":[141],"decision.":[142],"In":[143],"absence":[145,262],"principle,":[149],"choices":[151],"are,":[153],"best,":[155],"inconsistent.":[156],"For":[157,290],"example,":[158,236],"state":[160],"codes":[162,191,227],"maintain":[163],"an":[164,371],"insanity":[165],"defense":[166,181],"it":[168],"exculpates":[169],"blameless":[171],"(and":[172],"furthers":[174],"punishment),":[176],"even":[177],"though":[178],"abolishing":[179],"might":[182,294,319,351],"more":[183],"effectively":[184],"incapacitate":[185],"dangerous.":[187],"same":[190,206,349],"sacrifice":[192,354],"favor":[196],"increasing":[198,210],"by":[200,303,398],"recognizing":[201],"strict":[202],"liability.":[203],"At":[204,259],"time,":[207],"rather":[208],"than":[209],"threatened":[212],"sanction":[213],"temptation":[216],"inclination":[218],"is":[219,281,308,376,426],"greater,":[220],"deterrence":[223,332],"suggests,":[225],"decrease":[229],"deterrent":[231,357],"threat":[232],"as,":[234],"cases":[238],"provocation":[240],"offender's":[245],"reduced":[246],"blameworthiness.":[247],"Code":[248],"choosing":[251],"further":[253,330],"contexts.":[258],"worst,":[260],"fosters":[267],"arbitrariness":[268],"prejudice.":[270],"This":[271],"happens":[272],"inconsistent":[275],"approach":[276],"code":[279],"followed":[282,429],"on":[283,368],"level":[285],"sentencing":[288,424],"decisions.":[289],"instance,":[291],"while":[292],"rehabilitation":[293],"best":[297],"means":[298],"avoiding":[300],"future":[301],"crime":[302],"young":[305,338],"addict":[306],"who":[307,341],"caught":[309],"selling":[310],"drugs":[311],"support":[313],"his":[314],"habit,":[315],"judge":[317,350],"rationally":[318],"decide":[320,352],"impose":[322],"long":[324,361],"prison":[325,362],"term":[326,363],"order":[328],"general":[331,356],"interests.":[333],"When":[334],"bank":[339],"teller":[340],"embezzled":[342],"money":[343],"from":[344],"her":[345],"cash":[346],"drawer,":[347],"value":[358],"put":[365],"offender":[367],"probation,":[369],"incapacitative":[372],"theory":[373],"she":[375,381],"longer":[378],"dangerous":[379],"never":[383],"again":[384],"placed":[386],"position":[389],"trust.":[391],"Both":[392],"justified":[397],"sentencing,":[404],"but":[405],"they":[406],"nonetheless":[407],"may":[408],"product":[411],"arbitrary":[413],"biased":[415],"decision":[416],"making.":[417],"Without":[418],"governing":[421],"another,":[434],"judges":[435],"guideline":[437],"free":[440],"choose":[442],"whatever":[443],"justifies":[445],"desired":[447],"sentence.":[448]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}