{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1311098","doi":null,"title":"Automated essay grading: an evaluation of four conceptual models","display_name":"Automated essay grading: an evaluation of four conceptual models","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1311098","mag":"1311098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/11929","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Chapter"},"volume":null,"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103229504","display_name":"Robert Francis Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3441"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. F. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3441","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103229504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5863,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9847468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"173","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.6660000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.1525000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.045099999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-essay-scoring","display_name":"automated essay scoring","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"conceptual model","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-systems","display_name":"hybrid systems","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-features","display_name":"linguistic features","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-characteristics","display_name":"document characteristics","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words","display_name":"bag-of-words","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-classification","display_name":"text classification","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-evaluation","display_name":"system evaluation","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7192742824554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43156665563583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27475637197494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.08645087480545044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/11929","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/31494625","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/chapter/Automated_essay_grading_an_evaluation_of_four_conceptual_models/31494625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Chapter"},{"id":"mag:1311098","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/20.500.11937/11929/2/20634_downloaded_stream_90.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/11929","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/11929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1311098.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1311098.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600389356","https://openalex.org/W1833785989","https://openalex.org/W1980515494","https://openalex.org/W2001402876","https://openalex.org/W2009190245","https://openalex.org/W2062914707","https://openalex.org/W2091879664","https://openalex.org/W2105204564","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2246487458","https://openalex.org/W3034730645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249627708","https://openalex.org/W4237304631","https://openalex.org/W4313315005","https://openalex.org/W2784151622","https://openalex.org/W4387019550","https://openalex.org/W2030098262","https://openalex.org/W4286761935","https://openalex.org/W4226466465","https://openalex.org/W3200349122","https://openalex.org/W3094326256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"essay":[1],"grading":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4,15,55],"proposed":[5],"for":[6,25],"over":[7],"thirty":[8],"years.":[9],"Only":[10],"recently":[11],"have":[12,54],"practical":[13,80],"implementations":[14],"constructed":[16],"and":[17,33,37,104,107],"tested.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"describes":[21],"the":[22,31,110],"theoretical":[23],"models":[24,41],"four":[26,40],"implemented":[27],"system":[28,63,85],"described":[29],"in":[30],"literature,":[32],"evaluates":[34],"their":[35],"strengths":[36],"weaknesses.":[38],"All":[39],"make":[42],"use":[43,66,88],"of":[44,67,89,112],"comparisons":[45],"with":[46,72],"one":[47],"or":[48],"many":[49],"model":[50],"answer":[51],"documents":[52],"that":[53,64,86,101],"previously":[56],"assessed":[57],"by":[58],"human":[59],"markers.":[60],"One":[61],"hybrid":[62],"makes":[65,87],"some":[68],"linguistic":[69,103],"features,":[70,106],"combined":[71],"document":[73,105],"characteristics,":[74],"is":[75,93,115,125],"shown":[76,95],"to":[77,96],"be":[78,97],"a":[79],"solution":[81],"at":[82],"present.":[83],"Another":[84],"primarily":[90],"linguistics":[91],"features":[92],"also":[94],"effective.":[98],"An":[99],"implementation":[100],"ignores":[102],"operates":[108],"on":[109],"?bag":[111],"words?":[113],"approach,":[114],"then":[116],"discussed.":[117],"Finally":[118],"an":[119],"approach":[120],"using":[121],"text":[122],"categorisation":[123],"techniques":[124],"considered.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
