{"id":"https://openalex.org/W129196990","doi":null,"title":"Cost-effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction versus Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy for diagnosis of tuberculosis in Kenya.","display_name":"Cost-effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction versus Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy for diagnosis of tuberculosis in Kenya.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W129196990","mag":"129196990","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:16104634","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033985620","display_name":"MRA van Cleeff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260461","display_name":"KNCV TB Plus","ror":"https://ror.org/03shjds31","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260461"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M van Cleeff","raw_affiliation_strings":["KNCV-Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KNCV-Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074547087","display_name":"L E A Kivihya-Ndugga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Kivihya-Ndugga","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110085764","display_name":"W. A. Githui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W Githui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112462042","display_name":"Lucy Nganga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Ng'ang'a","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039178483","display_name":"Daniel Kibuga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Kibuga","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110215496","display_name":"J A Odhiambo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Odhiambo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068790668","display_name":"Paul R Klatser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-2409","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-2409"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Klatser","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82514496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"877","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-diagnosis","display_name":"tuberculosis diagnosis","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr","display_name":"PCR","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chest-x-ray","display_name":"chest radiography","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-negative-pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"smear-negative tuberculosis","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lowenstein-jensen-culture","display_name":"Lowenstein-Jensen culture","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sputum-samples","display_name":"sputum samples","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-coinfection","display_name":"HIV coinfection","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8741860389709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189962949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198921","display_name":"Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain","level":5,"score":0.8307017087936401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.708745539188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.6925258040428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259346","display_name":"Sputum","level":3,"score":0.6797311902046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.6411516666412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.5585811734199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019080777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754768","display_name":"Cost effectiveness","level":2,"score":0.4586309492588043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.43226560950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3922613561153412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3830098807811737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.29261070489883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101077360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3278217","display_name":"Acid-fast","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013183","descriptor_name":"Sputum","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:16104634","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:amcpub:oai:pure.amc.nl:publications/f967a3b9-6681-4bef-b14b-691d8c97026c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amc.nl/en/publications/costeffectiveness-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-versus-ziehlneelsen-smear-microscopy-for-diagnosis-of-tuberculosis-in-kenya(f967a3b9-6681-4bef-b14b-691d8c97026c).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease, 9(8), 877 - 883. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:129196990","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2298735129","https://openalex.org/W1980849745","https://openalex.org/W43298982","https://openalex.org/W2168406007","https://openalex.org/W2150413658","https://openalex.org/W2118179479","https://openalex.org/W2256344910","https://openalex.org/W2089403017","https://openalex.org/W1494845796","https://openalex.org/W2488788536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Laboratory":[1],"services,":[2],"particularly":[3],"in":[4,160],"large":[5,189],"sub-Saharan":[6],"cities,":[7],"are":[8],"overstretched,":[9],"and":[10,18,63,95,114,127,132],"it":[11],"is":[12,166,170,178],"becoming":[13,195],"difficult":[14],"both":[15],"for":[16,27,130],"patients":[17],"health":[19,112],"staff":[20],"to":[21,23,42,92,105],"adhere":[22],"the":[24,40,47,68,83,182,198],"diagnostic":[25,51],"procedures":[26],"tuberculosis.":[28],"Alternative":[29],"techniques":[30],"would":[31],"be":[32,43,157],"welcome.":[33],"The":[34],"polymerase":[35],"chain":[36],"reaction":[37],"(PCR)":[38],"has":[39],"potential":[41],"cost-effective.":[44],"We":[45],"compared":[46],"cost-effectiveness":[48],"of":[49,142,191],"two":[50],"strategies,":[52],"Ziehl-Neelsen":[53],"(ZN)":[54],"on":[55,67,197],"three":[56],"specimens":[57],"followed":[58],"by":[59,181],"chest":[60],"X-ray":[61],"(CXR),":[62],"AMPLICOR":[64],"MTB":[65],"PCR":[66,94,145,155,165,186],"first":[69],"specimen":[70],"only.":[71],"METHODS:":[72],"Three":[73],"sputum":[74],"samples":[75,89],"were":[76,90,123,138],"collected":[77],"from":[78],"tuberculosis":[79],"(TB)":[80],"suspects":[81],"attending":[82],"Rhodes":[84],"Chest":[85],"Clinic,":[86],"Nairobi.":[87],"All":[88],"subjected":[91],"ZN,":[93,175],"L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen":[96],"culture":[97],"used":[98,104],"as":[99],"gold":[100],"standard.":[101],"CXR":[102,169],"was":[103,146],"diagnose":[106],"smear-negative":[107],"TB.":[108],"Cost":[109],"analysis":[110],"included":[111],"service":[113],"patient":[115,167],"costs.":[116],"RESULTS:":[117],"Costs":[118],"per":[119],"correctly":[120],"diagnosed":[121],"case":[122],"US":[124],"dollar":[125,128,149,152],"41":[126],"67":[129],"ZN":[131],"PCR,":[133],"respectively.":[134],"When":[135],"treatment":[136,141],"costs":[137],"included,":[139],"including":[140],"culture-negative":[143],"cases,":[144],"more":[147],"cost-effective:":[148],"382":[150],"vs.":[151],"412.":[153],"CONCLUSION:":[154],"may":[156],"an":[158],"alternative":[159],"settings":[161],"with":[162,193],"many":[163],"patients.":[164],"friendly,":[168],"not":[171],"necessary":[172],"and,":[173],"unlike":[174],"its":[176],"performance":[177],"hardly":[179],"affected":[180],"human":[183],"immunodeficiency":[184],"virus.":[185],"can":[187],"handle":[188],"numbers":[190],"specimens,":[192],"results":[194],"available":[196],"same":[199],"day.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}