{"id":"https://openalex.org/W12872344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","title":"Discrimination, Concept of","display_name":"Discrimination, Concept of","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W12872344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","mag":"12872344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1508373592","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105167801","display_name":"D. Hellman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Hellman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland School of Law , Baltimore, MD , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland School of Law , Baltimore, MD , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105167801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"833","last_page":"841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10718","display_name":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.03099999949336052,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-of-discrimination","display_name":"concept of discrimination","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descriptive-versus-normative","display_name":"descriptive versus normative","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intention","display_name":"intention","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-impact","display_name":"policy impact","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classification","display_name":"classification","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subordination","display_name":"subordination","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/same-sex-marriage","display_name":"same-sex marriage","score":0.9160000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39936983585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32397782802581787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373932-2.00177-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5799999833106995}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15814337","https://openalex.org/W42531226","https://openalex.org/W108588401","https://openalex.org/W611712116","https://openalex.org/W846212165","https://openalex.org/W1517402952","https://openalex.org/W1883051710","https://openalex.org/W2008085691","https://openalex.org/W2165834262","https://openalex.org/W2316650492","https://openalex.org/W2496515953","https://openalex.org/W2584704438","https://openalex.org/W2796315042","https://openalex.org/W2797748090","https://openalex.org/W3113314941","https://openalex.org/W3121814053","https://openalex.org/W4214916459","https://openalex.org/W4235078175","https://openalex.org/W4298361985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2493829035","https://openalex.org/W1539589766","https://openalex.org/W4317623064","https://openalex.org/W4410080093","https://openalex.org/W1824340611","https://openalex.org/W4389798642","https://openalex.org/W2764108998","https://openalex.org/W6997481229","https://openalex.org/W4391869061","https://openalex.org/W7053677107"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}