{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1263903085","doi":null,"title":"Religious Participation and Economic Recessions","display_name":"Religious Participation and Economic Recessions","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1263903085","mag":"1263903085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1263903085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/a-classroom-exercise-for-teaching-the-theory-of-the-second-best-in-a-duopoly-setting.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764560526","display_name":"Journal of economics and economic education research","issn_l":"1533-3590","issn":["1533-3590","1533-3604"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of economics and economic education research","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058543699","display_name":"Reginald Jamar Harris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reginald J. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088128960","display_name":"Simon K. Medcalfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-0223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-0223"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Medcalfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["James M. Hull College of Business"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-0223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James M. Hull College of Business","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80814586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.6567000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.6567000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10509","display_name":"Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology","score":0.17810000479221344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13072","display_name":"Contemporary Christian Leadership and Education","score":0.03310000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/church-attendance","display_name":"church attendance","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-participation","display_name":"religious participation","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recession","display_name":"economic recession","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-cycles","display_name":"business cycles","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunity-cost-of-time","display_name":"opportunity cost of time","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution-effect","display_name":"substitution effect","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-effects","display_name":"income effects","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religiosity","display_name":"religiosity","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georgia","display_name":"Georgia","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-methodist-church","display_name":"United Methodist Church","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-recession","display_name":"Great Recession","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.7800940275192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.6201016902923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781269069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5116763","display_name":"Church attendance","level":3,"score":0.6079248189926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5892067551612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.5661852955818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83873408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192311","display_name":"Business cycle","level":2,"score":0.5392488241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5271242260932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500","display_name":"Faith","level":2,"score":0.496207058429718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551968917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043","display_name":"Christianity","level":2,"score":0.44526734948158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4336225986480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3924257457256317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3618218004703522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36009079217910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3530837297439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31962037086486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24174156785011292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13701820373535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779793952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553701","display_name":"Religiosity","level":2,"score":0.1207430362701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.11668246984481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.09145426750183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1263903085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/a-classroom-exercise-for-teaching-the-theory-of-the-second-best-in-a-duopoly-setting.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764560526","display_name":"Journal of economics and economic education research","issn_l":"1533-3590","issn":["1533-3590","1533-3604"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of economics and economic education research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576038528","https://openalex.org/W1968286727","https://openalex.org/W2034069507","https://openalex.org/W2152929269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6906607460","https://openalex.org/W1558077697","https://openalex.org/W4408872157","https://openalex.org/W3013527449","https://openalex.org/W3005393810","https://openalex.org/W1780655942","https://openalex.org/W285702335","https://openalex.org/W4396909338","https://openalex.org/W2325959778","https://openalex.org/W3190359753"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION":[0],"The":[1,30,42,55,233],"last":[2],"recession":[3,56,172,546],"was":[4,210],"particularly":[5],"severe,":[6],"being":[7,157,505],"dubbed":[8],"the":[9,64,78,94,120,162,167,170,181,194,197,206,227,248,294,302,341,396,460,522,544,578],"great":[10],"recession.":[11],"It":[12],"lasted":[13],"18":[14],"months":[15],"from":[16,180,532,536,572],"December":[17],"2007":[18,51],"until":[19],"June":[20],"2009":[21],"with":[22,213,267,334,503],"Gross":[23],"Domestic":[24],"Product":[25],"declining":[26],"about":[27],"5":[28],"percent.":[29],"national":[31],"unemployment":[32,208,246,269,384,513],"rate":[33,209],"peaked":[34],"at":[35,319],"over":[36,46,188,521],"10":[37],"percent":[38,48,118,132],"in":[39,73,161,176,242,264,273,314,412,495,508,525],"October":[40,50],"2009.":[41,54],"S&P500":[43],"index":[44],"fell":[45],"56":[47],"between":[49,580],"and":[52,60,105,113,203,290,312,330,355,364,459,464,470,479,569,584],"March":[53],"affected":[57],"many":[58],"individuals":[59,372,386],"firms":[61],"adversely.":[62],"In":[63],"United":[65,184],"States":[66],"religious":[67,310,328,413],"faith":[68,482],"plays":[69],"an":[70,308,405,428,506],"important":[71],"role":[72],"people's":[74],"lives.":[75],"According":[76],"to":[77,151,300,327,339,375,377,389,391,410,425,474,487,548,557,564,576],"CIA":[79],"World":[80],"Factbook,":[81],"78.46%":[82],"of":[83,88,93,103,119,125,133,169,196,226,244,251,304,322,381,399,431,448,462,497],"Americans":[84,134],"practice":[85],"some":[86],"form":[87],"Christianity.":[89],"Protestants":[90],"are":[91,123,222,373,387],"51.3%":[92],"population":[95,122],"(CIA":[96],"2007).":[97],"Church":[98],"participation":[99,155,175,313,400,509],"affects":[100],"ones":[101],"sense":[102,430,447],"wellbeing":[104],"financial":[106],"status":[107],"as":[108,110,340,368],"well":[109,432,449,475],"social,":[111],"economic,":[112],"political":[114],"behavior.":[115],"Over":[116,130],"60":[117],"U.S.":[121],"members":[124,321],"a":[126,147,260,537,562],"church":[127,137,154,174,201,214,231,239,257,275,361],"(Iannacconne,":[128],"1998).":[129],"40":[131],"report":[135],"attending":[136],"weekly":[138,141,550],"or":[139],"almost":[140],"(Newport":[142],"2010).":[143],"Hence,":[144],"it":[145],"is":[146,156,259,279,307,337,561],"significant":[148],"research":[149,529],"question":[150],"determine":[152,577],"how":[153,320,331,518],"impacted":[158],"by":[159,298],"changes":[160],"economy.":[163],"This":[164,336,402,499],"paper":[165],"analyses":[166],"effect":[168,195,235],"past":[171],"on":[173,200,230,281],"Georgia.":[177],"Using":[178],"data":[179,347,354,531,535,554,571],"North":[182],"Georgia":[183,207],"Methodist":[185],"Conference":[186],"containing":[187],"one":[189,351],"thousand":[190],"churches,":[191],"we":[192,284],"analyze":[193,301],"business":[198,228,523,566],"cycle":[199,229,524,567],"attendance":[202,240,258,469],"find":[204],"that":[205,238,367,420,440,446,468,480],"negatively":[211],"associated":[212,266],"attendance.":[215,232,276,362],"LITERATURE":[216],"REVIEW":[217],"Economic":[218],"theory":[219,278],"suggests":[220],"there":[221,504,560],"two":[223],"countervailing":[224],"effects":[225,461],"substitution":[234],"would":[236,270,500],"suggest":[237],"increases":[241],"times":[243],"higher":[245,268],"because":[247,395],"opportunity":[249,397],"cost":[250,398],"time":[252,326,496],"has":[253,422],"decreased.":[254],"Alternatively,":[255],"if":[256,559],"normal":[261],"good,":[262],"declines":[263],"income":[265],"be":[271,404,442,501],"reflected":[272],"lower":[274],"Since":[277],"inconclusive":[280],"this":[282,332],"matter,":[283],"review":[285],"several":[286,436],"empirical":[287],"studies.":[288],"Azzi":[289,363],"Ehrenberg":[291,365],"(1975)":[292],"made":[293],"first":[295],"systematic":[296],"attempt":[297],"economists":[299],"determinants":[303],"religiosity.":[305],"Religiosity":[306],"individual's":[309],"commitment":[311],"church-related":[315],"activities.":[316],"They":[317],"looked":[318],"households":[323],"allocate":[324],"their":[325],"involvement":[329],"varies":[333,520],"age.":[335],"referred":[338],"household":[342],"life-cycle":[343],"religious-participation":[344],"profile.":[345],"Two":[346],"sets":[348],"were":[349],"used,":[350],"using":[352,357],"membership":[353,553],"another":[356],"survey":[358,541],"responses":[359],"regarding":[360],"concluded":[366],"real":[369],"wages":[370],"grow":[371],"expected":[374,388],"shift":[376,390],"less":[378],"time-intensive":[379,393],"forms":[380,394],"religion.":[382],"As":[383],"rises,":[385],"more":[392],"declines.":[401],"could":[403],"economic":[406],"motivator":[407],"for":[408,444,493],"people":[409,494],"participate":[411],"activities":[414],"during":[415,510,543],"recessions.":[416],"Ellison":[417],"(1991)":[418],"noted":[419],"religion":[421],"been":[423],"shown":[424],"give":[426,491],"participants":[427],"increased":[429],"being.":[433,450],"He":[434,466],"explored":[435,517],"possible":[437],"motivating":[438],"factors":[439,452],"may":[441],"responsible":[443],"providing":[445],"These":[451],"included":[453],"social":[454],"integration,":[455],"divine":[456],"interaction,":[457],"stress,":[458],"age":[463],"education.":[465],"found":[467],"private":[471],"devotion":[472],"contributes":[473],"being,":[476],"though":[477],"indirectly,":[478],"strong":[481],"makes":[483],"life":[484],"trauma":[485],"easier":[486],"withstand.":[488],"Religion":[489],"does":[490],"support":[492],"adversity.":[498],"consistent":[502],"increase":[507],"recessions":[511],"when":[512],"rises.":[514],"Beckworth":[515],"(2009)":[516],"religiosity":[519],"Protestant":[526],"churches.":[527],"His":[528],"used":[530],"three":[533],"sources:":[534],"Pew":[538],"Research":[539],"Center":[540],"administered":[542],"2001":[545],"period":[547],"assess":[549],"attendance,":[551],"annual":[552],"spanning":[555],"1968-2004":[556],"see":[558],"relationship":[563],"NBER":[565],"dates,":[568],"quarterly":[570],"1950:Q1":[573],"through":[574],"2006:Q4":[575],"relationships":[579],"Seventh-day":[581],"Adventist":[582],"converts":[583],"macroeconomic":[585],"variables.":[586],"\u2026":[587]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}