{"id":"https://openalex.org/W126206131","doi":null,"title":"Fluoridation at fifty: what have we learned?","display_name":"Fluoridation at fifty: what have we learned?","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W126206131","mag":"126206131","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11905260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11905260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11905260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Edwin Pratt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086687","display_name":"National Association of Local Boards of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00ygc7g86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Association of Local Boards of Health, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Association of Local Boards of Health, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030590475","display_name":"Raymond D. Rawson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond D Rawson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141784375","display_name":"Mark Rubin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Rubin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.665492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"117","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11969","display_name":"Fluoride Effects and Removal","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-fluoridation","display_name":"water fluoridation","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-caries-prevention","display_name":"dental caries prevention","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoride-safety","display_name":"fluoride safety","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-policy-interface","display_name":"science-policy interface","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-supreme-court-decisions","display_name":"United States Supreme Court decisions","score":0.8209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779097656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125466","display_name":"Water fluoridation","level":3,"score":0.6220076084136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.5249800086021423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5197936296463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775914699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326779","display_name":"Vicarious liability","level":4,"score":0.5179694890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5128660202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5079155564308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776798817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318836","display_name":"Malpractice","level":2,"score":0.496451199054718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.48562660813331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.4852178394794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.48408710956573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.46343928575515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.454959511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.38358473777770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3500756621360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.27919989824295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2157089114189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.15709102153778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780828025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44793182","display_name":"Fluoride","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006769","descriptor_name":"Hospitals, General","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008318","descriptor_name":"Malpractice","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008505","descriptor_name":"Medical Staff, Hospital","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014903","descriptor_name":"West Virginia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016365","descriptor_name":"Liability, Legal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016724","descriptor_name":"Empyema, Pleural","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016724","descriptor_name":"Empyema, Pleural","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017008","descriptor_name":"Negotiating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11905260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11905260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:12508513","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1008187","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1008187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:249424","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:126206131","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11905260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2992422515","https://openalex.org/W4391174083","https://openalex.org/W7098632438","https://openalex.org/W1750449883","https://openalex.org/W2079866605","https://openalex.org/W84537633","https://openalex.org/W2926067140","https://openalex.org/W2556800229","https://openalex.org/W2620327940","https://openalex.org/W7120875551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,152],"question":[1],"posed":[2],"by":[3],"the":[4,13,23,39,54,64,73,82,92,98,113,119,138,144,170,205,213,220],"title":[5],"of":[6,22,28,48,68,75,102,115,121,155,161,178,196,222],"this":[7,116,156],"article":[8,157],"encompasses":[9],"more":[10],"than":[11],"just":[12],"law":[14],"and":[15,25,32,52,66,87,95,100,125,130,204],"science":[16,122],"applied":[17],"to":[18,44,59,90,133,225],"fluoridation.":[19],"A":[20,190,209],"review":[21],"history":[24],"present":[26],"status":[27,65],"fluoridation":[29,105,203],"policy":[30,51],"development":[31],"implementation":[33],"makes":[34],"it":[35],"quickly":[36],"apparent":[37],"that":[38,53,183],"lessons":[40],"learned":[41],"are":[42,111],"applicable":[43],"a":[45,85,148,176],"wide":[46],"range":[47],"public":[49,55,127,226],"health":[50,56,128,150],"community":[57,103],"needs":[58],"be":[60],"very":[61],"concerned":[62],"about":[63,97],"trends":[67],"legal":[69,139,214,223],"precedent.":[70],"Indeed,":[71],"in":[72,123,141,165,201],"context":[74],"recent":[76],"U.":[77],"S.":[78],"Supreme":[79],"Court":[80],"decisions,":[81],"need":[83],"for":[84],"comprehensive":[86],"coordinated":[88],"effort":[89],"educate":[91],"public,":[93],"legislators,":[94],"jurists":[96],"safety":[99],"efficacy":[101],"water":[104],"is":[106,185],"clear.":[107],"Two":[108],"fundamental":[109],"issues":[110,215],"at":[112],"core":[114],"article:":[117],"(1)":[118],"use":[120],"formulating":[124],"defending":[126],"policy,":[129],"(2)":[131],"how":[132],"connect":[134],"scientific":[135],"fact":[136],"with":[137,143,175,217],"process":[140],"connection":[142],"actual":[145],"circumstances":[146],"regarding":[147],"community's":[149],"status.":[151],"opening":[153],"section":[154,192,211],"presents":[158],"an":[159,194],"analysis":[160],"fluoridation's":[162],"great":[163],"success":[164],"preventing":[166],"dental":[167],"caries":[168],"over":[169],"past":[171],"50":[172],"years,":[173],"along":[174],"discussion":[177],"current":[179],"data":[180],"scientifically":[181],"demonstrating":[182],"fluoride":[184],"safe":[186],"when":[187],"properly":[188],"utilized.":[189],"second":[191],"provides":[193],"overview":[195],"one":[197],"state's":[198],"legislative":[199],"experience":[200],"mandating":[202,228],"political":[206],"challenges":[207,224],"encountered.":[208],"final":[210],"discusses":[212],"associated":[216],"fluoridation,":[218],"including":[219],"bases":[221],"laws":[227],"it.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
