{"id":"https://openalex.org/W125216647","doi":null,"title":"Men and women in optometry. I: Economic issues and professional profiles.","display_name":"Men and women in optometry. I: Economic issues and professional profiles.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W125216647","mag":"125216647","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:7730558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Optometric Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072755592","display_name":"Brin Bn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B N Brin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton 92631-1699, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton 92631-1699, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090309923","display_name":"Lorraine I. Voorhees","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L I Voorhees","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013638549","display_name":"Richard L. Hopping","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R L Hopping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110754927","display_name":"Morris S. Berman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M S Berman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002265722","display_name":"J B Ryan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J B Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050924923","display_name":"Wendy S. Levinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-3052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-3052"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02907054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"3","first_page":"178","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-hours","display_name":"working hours","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-off","display_name":"time off","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solo-practice","display_name":"solo practice","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-practice","display_name":"group practice","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-profile","display_name":"professional profile","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.6800101399421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6392156481742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5567128658294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.4866374433040619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3900834918022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3747355341911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09298479557037354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07909232378005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009907","descriptor_name":"Optometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009907","descriptor_name":"Optometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009907","descriptor_name":"Optometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011364","descriptor_name":"Professional Practice","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011364","descriptor_name":"Professional Practice","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014931","descriptor_name":"Women, Working","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017678","descriptor_name":"Sex Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:7730558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Optometric Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:125216647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7730558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7825999855995178},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2404406423","https://openalex.org/W2136275135","https://openalex.org/W1978080911","https://openalex.org/W2935367037","https://openalex.org/W182612279","https://openalex.org/W50997171","https://openalex.org/W1724026993","https://openalex.org/W1993107749","https://openalex.org/W3096033005","https://openalex.org/W2397654408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Optometry":[1],"is":[2,15,183],"experiencing":[3],"a":[4,48],"sharp":[5],"increase":[6],"in":[7,39,132,136,150,157,177,189],"the":[8,22,195],"number":[9],"of":[10,35,52,56,71,144,191],"women":[11,38,78,135,147,193],"entering":[12,194],"practice.":[13],"How":[14],"this":[16],"demographic":[17],"shift":[18],"likely":[19,129],"to":[20,28,47,130,185],"affect":[21],"profession?":[23],"This":[24],"survey":[25,43],"was":[26,45],"designed":[27],"describe":[29],"current":[30],"economic":[31,171],"and":[32,37,58,67,89,124,146],"professional":[33,99,162],"profiles":[34],"men":[36,57,66,145],"optometry.":[40,152],"METHODS:":[41],"A":[42],"questionnaire":[44],"mailed":[46],"nationwide":[49],"random":[50],"sample":[51],"optometrists,":[53],"equal":[54],"numbers":[55],"women.":[59,69],"RESULTS:":[60],"Data":[61],"were":[62],"analyzed":[63],"from":[64,96],"353":[65],"356":[68],"Margin":[70],"error:":[72],"+/-":[73],"4":[74],"percent.":[75],"On":[76],"average,":[77],"optometrists":[79,166],"are":[80,127,148],"younger":[81],"than":[82],"men,":[83],"work":[84,120],"9.4":[85],"percent":[86,92],"fewer":[87],"hours,":[88],"spend":[90],"8.1":[91],"more":[93,128,192],"time":[94,122],"away":[95],"their":[97],"regular":[98],"duties.":[100],"In":[101],"1991":[102],"men's":[103],"optometry":[104,182],"income":[105,111],"averaged":[106],"$72,200;":[107],"women's,":[108],"$54,400.":[109],"The":[110],"differential":[112],"persisted":[113],"after":[114],"adjusting":[115],"for":[116],"age,":[117],"practice":[118,138,178],"setting,":[119],"week,":[121],"off,":[123],"specialty.":[125],"Men":[126],"be":[131],"solo":[133],"practice;":[134],"group":[137],"or":[139,160],"salaried":[140],"positions.":[141],"Similar":[142],"proportions":[143],"employed":[149],"corporate":[151],"Few":[153],"gender":[154],"differences":[155],"exist":[156],"patient":[158],"services":[159],"other":[161],"activities.":[163],"CONCLUSIONS:":[164],"Women":[165],"have":[167],"not":[168],"yet":[169],"gained":[170],"equity":[172],"with":[173],"men.":[174],"Male-female":[175],"similarities":[176],"patterns":[179],"suggest":[180],"that":[181],"unlikely":[184],"experience":[186],"major":[187],"changes":[188],"consequence":[190],"profession.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
