{"id":"https://openalex.org/W124741802","doi":null,"title":"Human insulin (Novo): chemistry and characteristics.","display_name":"Human insulin (Novo): chemistry and characteristics.","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W124741802","mag":"124741802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6343036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:6343036","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6343036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041310836","display_name":"Jan Markussen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Markussen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031875907","display_name":"U. Damgaard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U Damgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017816647","display_name":"M. Pingel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Pingel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110017940","display_name":"Lars I.P. Snel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Snel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110668746","display_name":"A.R. S\u00f8rensen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A R S\u00f8rensen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"E S\u00f8rensen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E S\u00f8rensen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75678211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6 Suppl 1","issue":null,"first_page":"4","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11124","display_name":"Protein purification and stability","score":0.4706999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11124","display_name":"Protein purification and stability","score":0.4706999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.27810001373291016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.08290000259876251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-insulin","display_name":"human insulin","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porcine-insulin","display_name":"porcine insulin","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-purification","display_name":"insulin purification","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ester-bond-cleavage","display_name":"ester bond cleavage","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-structure","display_name":"insulin structure","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-potency","display_name":"insulin potency","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunogenicity","display_name":"immunogenicity","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-analogs","display_name":"insulin analogues","score":0.5329999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.8983213901519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019948211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Human insulin","level":3,"score":0.872616171836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780868878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660197","display_name":"Immunogenicity","level":3,"score":0.6333518028259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5007359981536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.46756845712661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780340462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127450","display_name":"Trypsin","level":3,"score":0.4584929049015045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4406883418560028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3990500569343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3852000832557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3022310137748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.17914164066314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.16367128491401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.08195242285728455}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007515","descriptor_name":"Islets of Langerhans","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011817","descriptor_name":"Rabbits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055598","descriptor_name":"Chemical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:6343036","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6343036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:124741802","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6343036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1962660053","https://openalex.org/W1994610932","https://openalex.org/W2132689253","https://openalex.org/W4212848307","https://openalex.org/W123886060","https://openalex.org/W1981700088","https://openalex.org/W2029643760","https://openalex.org/W2417610094","https://openalex.org/W2188211701","https://openalex.org/W202018865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,11,112,129],"amino":[1],"acid":[2],"sequence":[3],"of":[4,25,33,61,108,122,132,139,161,171],"human":[5,36,39,64,67,113,133],"insulin":[6,34,40,62,68,74,82,95,114,134,156,173],"was":[7,13],"published":[8],"in":[9,16,21,177,181],"1960.":[10],"structure":[12],"first":[14],"confirmed":[15],"1982":[17],"by":[18,83],"x-ray":[19,26],"crystallography,":[20],"which":[22],"complete":[23],"overlaps":[24],"diffraction":[27],"patterns":[28],"were":[29],"achieved":[30],"on":[31],"exposures":[32],"from":[35,42,63,70,79],"pancreas":[37,65],"and":[38,51,93,104,126,150,174],"prepared":[41,69,78],"porcine":[43,71,81,92,125,140],"insulin.":[44,72],"Additional":[45],"complementary":[46],"identity":[47,60],"tests":[48],"like":[49],"HPLC":[50],"immunochemical":[52],"cross-reactivity":[53],"with":[54,66,96,118],"anti-insulin":[55],"sera":[56],"have":[57],"substantiated":[58],"the":[59,85,119,123,143,158,162,178,184],"Human":[73,155],"(Novo)":[75],"has":[76],"been":[77],"crude":[80],"intertwining":[84],"chromatographic":[86],"purification":[87],"processes":[88],"for":[89,146],"making":[90],"monocomponent":[91,124,164],"bovine":[94,127],"two":[97],"chemical":[98],"reactions;":[99],"a":[100,105],"trypsin-catalyzed":[101],"transpeptidation":[102],"reaction":[103],"nonenzymatic":[106],"cleavage":[107],"an":[109],"ester":[110],"bond.":[111],"thus":[115],"obtained":[116],"complied":[117],"purity":[120],"specifications":[121],"insulins.":[128,186],"physico-chemical":[130],"properties":[131],"are":[135],"similar":[136],"to":[137,183],"those":[138],"insulin,":[141],"hence":[142],"analogous":[144],"preparations":[145],"therapy":[147],"(Actrapid,":[148],"Monotard,":[149],"Protaphane)":[151],"can":[152],"be":[153],"made.":[154],"shares":[157],"biologic":[159],"characteristics":[160],"other":[163],"insulins,":[165],"i.e.,":[166],"higher":[167],"potency":[168],"per":[169],"milligram":[170],"dry":[172],"negligible":[175],"immunogenicity":[176],"rabbit":[179],"test":[180],"comparison":[182],"conventional":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
