{"id":"https://openalex.org/W12427260","doi":null,"title":"Towards a formal definition of security for quantum protocols","display_name":"Towards a formal definition of security for quantum protocols","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W12427260","mag":"12427260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:12427260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=928621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083415249","display_name":"Claude Cr\u00e9peau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-8005","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-8005"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Cr\u00e9peau","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-8005","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109801373","display_name":"Jeroen van de Graaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-6585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-6585"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen van de Graaf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67429534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"quantum cryptography","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-protocols","display_name":"quantum protocols","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-security-model","display_name":"formal security model","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distinguishability-measures","display_name":"distinguishability measures","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-norm","display_name":"trace norm","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kolmogorov-distance","display_name":"Kolmogorov distance","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bhattacharyya-coefficient","display_name":"Bhattacharyya coefficient","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-turing-machines","display_name":"quantum Turing machines","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channels","display_name":"quantum channels","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-proofs","display_name":"security proofs","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-matrix","display_name":"density matrix","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6921286582946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.6125414371490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165751822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894118","display_name":"Universal composability","level":4,"score":0.5486583709716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5216622352600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5108206272125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.49341288208961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.47358399629592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4614388644695282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105063144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831154","display_name":"Trace distance","level":4,"score":0.458980917930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.3890080749988556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3696001172065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.337246835231781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3115158677101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24614223837852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19529446959495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13129541277885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:12427260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=928621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9022780","https://openalex.org/W76185347","https://openalex.org/W201917955","https://openalex.org/W226706760","https://openalex.org/W1484603737","https://openalex.org/W1484939708","https://openalex.org/W1508636262","https://openalex.org/W1533270558","https://openalex.org/W1537539847","https://openalex.org/W1538232392","https://openalex.org/W1577870632","https://openalex.org/W1584560347","https://openalex.org/W1605900190","https://openalex.org/W1621050367","https://openalex.org/W1638203394","https://openalex.org/W1643476268","https://openalex.org/W1653055703","https://openalex.org/W1782172301","https://openalex.org/W1963973936","https://openalex.org/W1964348979","https://openalex.org/W1964990628","https://openalex.org/W1965492831","https://openalex.org/W1969329609","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W1974984900","https://openalex.org/W1985325442","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1987630316","https://openalex.org/W1988155384","https://openalex.org/W1990006821","https://openalex.org/W1993562880","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2001466659","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2016443801","https://openalex.org/W2030782416","https://openalex.org/W2033216491","https://openalex.org/W2033766329","https://openalex.org/W2038517014","https://openalex.org/W2047539027","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2051869207","https://openalex.org/W2060333719","https://openalex.org/W2061106457","https://openalex.org/W2067440916","https://openalex.org/W2075695434","https://openalex.org/W2076580309","https://openalex.org/W2079089304","https://openalex.org/W2081533283","https://openalex.org/W2092422002","https://openalex.org/W2093896185","https://openalex.org/W2095708839","https://openalex.org/W2096107368","https://openalex.org/W2096430557","https://openalex.org/W2096694995","https://openalex.org/W2103647628","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2123789695","https://openalex.org/W2124512402","https://openalex.org/W2129000925","https://openalex.org/W2142968417","https://openalex.org/W2148132004","https://openalex.org/W2149197198","https://openalex.org/W2151433956","https://openalex.org/W2154839628","https://openalex.org/W2167927798","https://openalex.org/W2179731956","https://openalex.org/W2592879695","https://openalex.org/W2911599777","https://openalex.org/W3003414507","https://openalex.org/W3037315640","https://openalex.org/W3121783526","https://openalex.org/W3155282474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557210106","https://openalex.org/W1602249873","https://openalex.org/W4394644460","https://openalex.org/W7033259465","https://openalex.org/W1556696079","https://openalex.org/W1815189667","https://openalex.org/W7099550316","https://openalex.org/W1533086882","https://openalex.org/W163863830","https://openalex.org/W1494524587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,306],"thesis":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,20,70,88,109,112,198,225,237,308,329,378],"formal":[4,359],"model":[5,360],"for":[6,32,300,361,401,420,449],"quantum":[7,15,33,226,233,282,321,362,379,385,458],"protocols,":[8,451],"that":[9,137,271,275,439],"is,":[10],"cryptographic":[11,238],"protocols":[12,363,419],"based":[13,50],"on":[14,51,97,103],"mechanics.":[16],"It":[17,268,366],"also":[18],"develops":[19],"definition":[21,430],"of":[22,40,73,93,108,119,125,140,148,154,171,194,203,211,224,230,232,240,245,281,315,384,417,427,447],"security":[23,41,172,416,448],"(which":[24],"includes":[25],"notions":[26],"such":[27,136],"as":[28,116,163,165,387],"privacy":[29],"and":[30,54,67,122,187,260,297],"correctness)":[31],"protocols.":[34],"\r\nFirst,":[35],"existing":[36],"classical":[37,189,390,407,441,450],"(non-quantum)":[38],"definitions":[39],"are":[42,45,63,242,291,304,342,356,431],"studied.":[43],"There":[44],"essentially":[46],"two":[47,279,320,353,418],"approaches:":[48],"one":[49,440],"Turing":[52,369],"Machines":[53,370],"simulation,":[55],"the":[56,74,117,120,123,126,130,138,146,152,177,209,214,222,251,257,265,276,294,301,316,333,339,349,352,373,397,402,406,415,421,428,457],"other":[57,334],"using":[58],"information":[59,386,391],"theory.":[60],"Both":[61],"approaches":[62],"explored":[64,207,393],"in":[65,188,191,208,337,394,405,445,456],"detail":[66],"compared,":[68],"then":[69,157],"particular":[71,338],"variation":[72],"first":[75],"approach":[76],"is":[77,80,91,111,143,160,173,197,206,218,269,307,323,364,392,437,454],"chosen.":[78],"Security":[79],"defined":[81,115],"by":[82,175],"introducing":[83],"an":[84,95,101,133,411],"interface":[85,134,412],"(also":[86],"called":[87,452],"simulator)":[89],"which":[90,217],"capable":[92],"translating":[94],"attack":[96,102],"protocol":[98,104,110,141,149,158,166,178],"1":[99,142,159],"into":[100],"2.":[105,167],"The":[106,201,381],"profile":[107,139,147],"stochastic":[113],"variable,":[114],"output":[118],"participants":[121],"view":[124,241],"adversary":[127],"who":[128,375],"performs":[129],"attack.":[131],"If":[132],"exists":[135],"indistinguishable":[144],"from":[145,236],"2":[150],"with":[151,180],"help":[153],"this":[155,185,204,399],"interface,":[156],"at":[161],"least":[162],"secure":[164],"An":[168],"absolute":[169],"notion":[170,205],"obtained":[174],"comparing":[176],"implementation":[179],"its":[181],"'ideal'":[182],"equivalent.":[183,292],"\r\nIn":[184,348],"approach,":[186],"cryptography":[190],"general,":[192],"indistinguishability":[193],"probability":[195,244],"distributions":[196],"crucial":[199],"tool.":[200],"meaning":[202],"context":[210],"density":[212],"matrices,":[213],"mathematical":[215],"formalism":[216],"used":[219,444],"to":[220,250,256,346,371,389,413],"describe":[221],"state":[223],"system.":[227],"Various":[228],"measures":[229,290],"distinguishability":[231,262,277,289,303,318,335],"states":[234,283,322],"relevant":[235],"point":[239],"investigated:":[243],"error,":[246],"trace":[247,340],"norm":[248],"(related":[249,255],"Kolmogorov":[252],"distance),":[253],"overlap":[254],"Bhattacharyya":[258],"coefficient)":[259],"Shannon":[261,302,317],"(defined":[263],"through":[264,377],"mutual":[266],"information).":[267],"shown":[270],"if":[272],"we":[273,409],"require":[274],"between":[278,319],"families":[280],"vanish":[284],"exponentially":[285],"fast,":[286],"these":[287],"four":[288],"\r\nAlong":[293],"way":[295],"upper":[296],"lower":[298],"bounds":[299],"obtained.":[305],"very":[309],"useful":[310],"result,":[311],"because":[312],"explicit":[313],"computation":[314],"often":[324,443],"difficult":[325],"(it":[326],"requires":[327],"solving":[328],"transcendental":[330],"equation),":[331],"whereas":[332],"measures,":[336],"norm,":[341],"usually":[343],"much":[344],"easier":[345],"compute.":[347],"last":[350],"chapter":[351],"previous":[354],"topics":[355],"combined.":[357],"A":[358],"formulated.":[365],"uses":[367],"Quantum":[368],"represent":[372],"participants,":[374],"communicate":[376],"channel.":[380],"different":[382],"nature":[383],"opposed":[388],"detail,":[395],"including":[396],"implications":[398],"has":[400],"definition.":[403],"As":[404],"case,":[408],"introduce":[410],"compare":[414],"same":[422],"task.":[423],"Subsequently":[424],"some":[425],"consequences":[426],"proposed":[429],"investigated.":[432],"In":[433],"particular,":[434],"strong":[435],"evidence":[436],"given":[438],"technique":[442],"proofs":[446],"rewinding,":[453],"impossible":[455],"setting.":[459]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}