{"id":"https://openalex.org/W123086636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","title":"On Defining Life","display_name":"On Defining Life","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W123086636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","mag":"123086636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Self-Production of Supramolecular Structures","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2497269388","display_name":"Self-Production of Supramolecular Structures"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086234972","display_name":"Francisco J. Varela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-4467","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-4467"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142476485","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/05hy3tk52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142476485","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. J. Varela","raw_affiliation_strings":["CREA, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France","Centre National De La: Recherche Scientifique"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CREA, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I142476485"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National De La: Recherche Scientifique","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086234972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I142476485"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14299","display_name":"Complex Systems and Dynamics","score":0.2434999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.20059999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-of-life","display_name":"concept of life","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autopoiesis","display_name":"autopoiesis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-systems","display_name":"biological systems","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-systems","display_name":"dynamical systems","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34048319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599967","display_name":"Autopoiesis","level":2,"score":0.922407865524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.642122209072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6506039","display_name":"Living systems","level":2,"score":0.4599956274032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39030539989471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3483097553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3213830292224884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31891775131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22168537974357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.21359175443649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1130695641040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.06399598717689514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0754-9_2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Self-Production of Supramolecular Structures","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1916207017","https://openalex.org/W2018220955","https://openalex.org/W2018860292","https://openalex.org/W2093020640","https://openalex.org/W2093232756","https://openalex.org/W2118038107","https://openalex.org/W2224732943","https://openalex.org/W2493894436","https://openalex.org/W2936242773","https://openalex.org/W4210400190","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093020640","https://openalex.org/W7099813137","https://openalex.org/W7220287593","https://openalex.org/W1964447661","https://openalex.org/W2113753474","https://openalex.org/W2125999985","https://openalex.org/W7099569159","https://openalex.org/W1988401808","https://openalex.org/W1502935670","https://openalex.org/W144060204"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
