{"id":"https://openalex.org/W121297948","doi":null,"title":"Breaking the Stained Glass Ceiling: African Women's Leadership in Religious Organizations","display_name":"Breaking the Stained Glass Ceiling: African Women's Leadership in Religious Organizations","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W121297948","mag":"121297948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:121297948","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol5no2/5.2Breaking.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382574","display_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","issn_l":"0888-6601","issn":["0888-6601"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362724895","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Pan African Studies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362724895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Institute of Pan African Studies"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016531350","display_name":"Faith Wambura Ngunjiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-068X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-068X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152629","display_name":"Eastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e2ncr14","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I905180023","display_name":"Eastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04txhk134","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I905180023"]}],"countries":["BD","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faith Wambura Ngunjiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eastern University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eastern University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152629","https://openalex.org/I905180023"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084870794","display_name":"Elizabeth Anne Christo\u2010Baker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Ann Christo-Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93357506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13636","display_name":"Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies","score":0.40380001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13636","display_name":"Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies","score":0.40380001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13109","display_name":"Theological Perspectives and Practices","score":0.23669999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13347","display_name":"Christian Theology and Mission","score":0.12189999967813492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-religious-leadership","display_name":"women's religious leadership","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-women","display_name":"African women","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-traditional-religion","display_name":"African traditional religion","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-gender","display_name":"gender and religion","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-spirituality","display_name":"women's spirituality","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-empowerment","display_name":"women's empowerment","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-economic-empowerment","display_name":"women's economic empowerment","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-political-participation","display_name":"women's political participation","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-health","display_name":"women's health","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-education","display_name":"women's education","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinidad-and-tobago","display_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779674044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048886","display_name":"Glass ceiling","level":2,"score":0.893521785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994117223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530022","display_name":"Religious organization","level":2,"score":0.6760547757148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514793146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168796","display_name":"Spirituality","level":3,"score":0.5800702571868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.5006487369537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.44109079241752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.43294888734817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42476755380630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777345323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002426","display_name":"Religious pluralism","level":2,"score":0.41050654649734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2542577385902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10734987258911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:121297948","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol5no2/5.2Breaking.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382574","display_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","issn_l":"0888-6601","issn":["0888-6601"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362724895","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Pan African Studies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362724895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Institute of Pan African Studies"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.9444000124931335,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096732176","https://openalex.org/W2127945999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W100775442","https://openalex.org/W330727005","https://openalex.org/W217810089","https://openalex.org/W2127945999","https://openalex.org/W138008953","https://openalex.org/W2075380662","https://openalex.org/W4404724582","https://openalex.org/W3117702416","https://openalex.org/W2125416212","https://openalex.org/W2290008580"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Women's":[0],"access":[1],"to":[2,22,32,134,184,304,369,386,401,411,466,485,509,524,586,608],"leadership":[3,46,223,283,439,446,479],"positions":[4,47,347,492],"and":[5,9,18,48,52,72,74,83,88,123,186,197,227,280,329,422,440,454,461,470,475,533,539,573,581],"authority":[6,49,409],"in":[7,36,50,66,70,127,137,144,154,177,190,208,212,221,224,288,299,308,322,348,437,491,498,528,531,542,566,583,594,597,604],"organizations":[8],"society":[10],"is":[11,366,379,383],"limited":[12],"by":[13,234,286,354,615],"social":[14],"norms,":[15],"organizational":[16],"cultures,":[17],"structures":[19],"collectively":[20],"referred":[21],"as":[23,64,93,107,188,200,202,513,555,607],"'the":[24],"glass":[25,29,150,175,263],"ceiling'.":[26],"The":[27,78,166,232,388,449,558,590],"'stained":[28,149],"ceiling'":[30,151],"refers":[31],"the":[33,39,75,99,138,148,160,180,203,242,248,262,266,277,289,312,317,323,345,349,358,361,363,372,402,414,426,434,457,471,487,499,505,600,613,622],"same":[34,403],"phenomena":[35],"religious":[37,54,94,142,191,195,198,222,230,267,282,431,529],"organizations,":[38,199,576],"barriers":[40],"that":[41,104,173,254,260,301,319,342,378,382,412,497,551,568],"keep":[42],"women":[43,63,91,105,118,131,171,255,287,320,343,370,430,490],"from":[44,433,451,611],"attaining":[45],"churches":[51,126,572],"other":[53,157,309,574],"institutions.":[55,517],"This":[56],"special":[57,167],"issue":[58,168],"focused":[59,169],"on":[60,170,218,238,276,618],"African":[61,68,87,89,101,110,124,128,243,295],"ascended":[62],"leaders":[65,108,189,514,570],"different":[67,392],"communities,":[69],"Trinidad":[71],"Tobago,":[73],"United":[76],"States.":[77],"papers":[79,216],"provide":[80],"both":[81,121],"historical":[82],"contemporary":[84,229],"views":[85],"of":[86,141,179,247,250,311,327,340,360,405,413,428,489,493,501,515,537],"descended":[90],"serving":[92,119],"leaders.":[95],"John":[96],"S":[97],"Mbiti,":[98],"pre-eminent":[100],"philosopher":[102],"noted":[103],"served":[106],"within":[109,120,241,265,562],"Traditional":[111,244],"Religion":[112],"(Mbiti":[113],"1988).":[114],"Similarly,":[115],"there":[116,336],"are":[117,337,351],"mainline":[122],"instituted":[125],"countries.":[129],"However,":[130],"do":[132],"continue":[133],"be":[135,483],"underrepresented":[136],"highest":[139],"levels":[140],"leadership,":[143],"a":[145,225,228,338,380,391,445,543,556,563,595,605],"phenomenon":[146],"named":[147],"not":[152,399],"only":[153,384],"Africa":[155],"but":[156,396],"countries":[158],"around":[159],"world":[161],"(Adams":[162],"2007;":[163],"Sullins":[164],"2000).":[165],"breaking":[172],"stained":[174],"ceiling,":[176],"terms":[178],"strategies":[181],"they":[182,459,495],"use":[183],"survive":[185],"thrive":[187],"institutions":[192,469,530],"-":[193],"churches,":[194],"schools":[196],"well":[201],"potential":[204],"for":[205,394,416,571,621],"employing":[206],"spirituality":[207],"non-religious":[209],"organizations.":[210],"Beginning":[211],"West":[213],"Africa,":[214],"two":[215,548],"focus":[217],"women's":[219,239],"status":[220],"traditional":[226],"institution.":[231],"article":[233],"Harry":[235],"Odamtten":[236],"focuses":[237],"roles":[240,259,284,318,341],"Religious":[245],"sphere":[246],"Ga-Adangbe":[249,290],"Ghana.":[251],"Odamten":[252],"argues":[253],"have":[256,306,408],"always":[257],"had":[258],"supersede":[261],"ceiling":[264],"sphere,":[268],"with":[269],"some":[270],"limitations.":[271],"His":[272],"fieldwork":[273],"research":[274],"elaborates":[275],"various":[278],"public":[279],"private":[281],"occupied":[285],"society.":[291],"Looking":[292],"at":[293],"an":[294,521],"Instituted/Indigenous":[296],"Church":[297,436],"(AIC)":[298],"Nigeria":[300],"has":[302,390],"grown":[303],"also":[305],"branches":[307],"parts":[310],"world,":[313],"Toyin":[314],"Oluwaniyi":[315],"explicates":[316],"play":[321],"Eternal":[324],"Sacred":[325],"Order":[326],"Cherubim":[328],"Seraphim":[330],"(ESOCS).":[331],"She":[332],"demonstrates":[333],"that,":[334,478],"while":[335],"variety":[339],"play,":[344],"higher":[346,588],"hierarchy":[350,393,415,602],"primarily":[352],"dominated":[353],"men.":[355,387,417],"In":[356],"fact,":[357],"top":[359],"hierarchy,":[362],"Baba":[364],"Aladura":[365],"never":[367],"open":[368,385],"even":[371],"name":[373],"(Baba":[374],"means":[375],"Father)":[376],"indicates":[377],"position":[381],"ESOCS":[389],"women,":[395,504],"it":[397],"does":[398],"rise":[400],"level":[404],"power":[406],"or":[407],"equal":[410],"Moving":[418],"east,":[419],"Jane":[420],"Wakahiu":[421,474],"Mary":[423],"Salvaterra":[424,476],"explicate":[425],"experiences":[427,527],"three":[429,450,503],"(nuns)":[432],"Catholic":[435],"undertaking":[438],"community":[441],"development,":[442],"after":[443],"undergoing":[444],"development":[447,480,554],"program.":[448],"Kenya,":[452],"Uganda":[453],"Tanzania":[455],"utilize":[456],"lessons":[458],"learned":[460],"their":[462,468,510],"enhanced":[463],"skill":[464],"set":[465],"develop":[467],"surrounding":[472],"communities.":[473],"argue":[477],"activities":[481],"may":[482],"necessary":[484],"enhance":[486],"competencies":[488],"authority;":[494],"show":[496],"case":[500],"these":[502],"training":[506],"was":[507],"invaluable":[508],"continued":[511],"effectiveness":[512],"faith-based":[516,544,564],"Maggie":[518],"Madimbo":[519,546],"uses":[520],"autoethnographic":[522],"approach":[523],"narrate":[525],"her":[526,553,584,610,617],"Kenya":[532],"Malawi.":[534],"A":[535],"native":[536],"Malawi":[538],"senior":[540],"lecturer":[541],"college,":[545],"narrates":[547],"critical":[549],"incidents":[550],"impacted":[552],"leader.":[557],"first":[559],"incident":[560,592],"occurred":[561,593],"institution":[565],"Nairobi":[567],"trains":[569],"Christian":[575],"where":[577,599],"she":[578],"felt":[579],"unwelcome":[580],"unsupported":[582],"efforts":[585],"attain":[587],"education.":[589],"second":[591],"church":[596],"Malawi,":[598],"male":[601],"acted":[603],"way":[606],"discourage":[609],"taking":[612],"pulpit":[614],"'instructing'":[616],"appropriate":[619],"dress":[620],"occasion.":[623],"\u2026":[624]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
