{"id":"https://openalex.org/W121133751","doi":null,"title":"What is NLG","display_name":"What is NLG","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W121133751","mag":"121133751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:121133751","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/inlg02clime.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419715","display_name":"International Conference on Natural Language Generation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Natural Language Generation","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029449255","display_name":"Roger Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-6587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-6587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71637028","display_name":"University of Brighton","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp2b655","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brighton"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-6587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brighton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71637028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077974543","display_name":"Paul Piwek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-6124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-6124"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Piwek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-6124","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007174838","display_name":"Lynne J. Cahill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-1945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-1945"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynne Cahill","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-1945","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76163932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"144","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.04280000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"natural language generation","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering-systems","display_name":"question answering systems","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-expression","display_name":"text expression","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7620142698287964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7259484529495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.6643161773681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6452170610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6217070817947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.48714253306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46818411350250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.43127819895744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38112667202949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3447273373603821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2648475170135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:121133751","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://mcs.open.ac.uk/pp2464/inlg02clime.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419715","display_name":"International Conference on Natural Language Generation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Natural Language Generation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21534041","https://openalex.org/W107937452","https://openalex.org/W1559172563","https://openalex.org/W1645937837","https://openalex.org/W2095627528","https://openalex.org/W2150149352","https://openalex.org/W2155981456","https://openalex.org/W2405087460","https://openalex.org/W2774968475","https://openalex.org/W3088808253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097076180","https://openalex.org/W2122530989","https://openalex.org/W2152921782","https://openalex.org/W2160457904","https://openalex.org/W1514366964","https://openalex.org/W1572309304","https://openalex.org/W1985610876","https://openalex.org/W7096672307","https://openalex.org/W7097000788","https://openalex.org/W75577802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Giving":[0],"an":[1,39,67,114],"adequate":[2],"general":[3],"definition":[4],"of":[5,37,43,55,66,82,97,110],"the":[6,63,83,95,108],"input":[7],"to":[8,15,50,73,104],"natural":[9],"language":[10],"generation":[11],"(NLG),":[12],"and":[13,26,48,52,78],"hence":[14],"NL":[16,40,90,111],"G":[17,41,91,112],"itself,":[18],"is":[19],"a":[20,44],"notoriously":[21],"difficult":[22],"problem,":[23],"practically,":[24],"theoretically":[25],"even":[27],"methodologically.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30,59,98],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,100],"describe":[33],"our":[34],"recent":[35],"experiences":[36],"implementing":[38],"component":[42],"larger":[45],"question-answering":[46],"system,":[47],"trying":[49],"understand":[51],"resolve":[53],"some":[54,102],"these":[56],"problems":[57],"in":[58],"context.":[60],"We":[61],"examine":[62],"whole":[64],"lifetime":[65],"answer,":[68],"from":[69],"internal":[70],"data":[71],"structure":[72],"final":[74],"expression":[75],"as":[76,113],"text,":[77],"look":[79],"for":[80],"characteristics":[81],"processing":[84],"which":[85],"might":[86],"help":[87],"identify":[88],"where":[89],"really":[92],"begins.":[93],"On":[94],"basis":[96],"analysis":[99],"propose":[101],"principles":[103],"inform":[105],"discussions":[106],"on":[107],"scope":[109],"individuated":[115],"enterprise.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}